The Scarlet Letter: Pearls Impact on Main Themes

Pearls Impact on the Main Themes In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Pearl is a bastard child living in Boston during the 1600’s. Although she is the youngest character, she is arguably the most important because she emphasizes the main points in the story indirectly through her observations and questions. Two of the main points are that the scarlet letter represents sin and that sin is an inevitable part of life. Throughout most of the book, all the townspeople and even her own daughter, Pearl, associates the scarlet letter as a symbol of adultery, which is a sin.During their walk in the forest, Pearl makes several comments that reveal her opinions on the impact of the scarlet letter in her mother’s life. Firstly, she points out that â€Å"the sunshine does not love† her mother and when it sees her, the sunshine â€Å"runs and hides itself† due to the fact that â€Å"it is afraid of something on [her] bosom† (Hawthorne 220). In this conte xt, the sunshine refers to the innocence and the pureness of oneself which is the opposite of the scarlet letter, which represents sin.Because Hester committed adultery and is forced to wear the scarlet letter, the sunshine does not shine upon her because she is neither pure nor innocent. Additionally, the sunshine is also a representation of the community, because they too tend to ostracize her for the same exact reason. Since the sunshine and the scarlet letter are two polar opposites, they tend to avoid each other. In contrast, Pearl realizes that she is â€Å"a child† and since she does not â€Å"wear [anything] on [her] bosom†, then the sunshine will not flee from her (Hawthorne 221).Pearl indirectly makes the connection that the scarlet letter is a negative symbol, due to the fact that sunshine tries to avoid her mother, who wears it all the time. Conversely, due to the fact that she is a child and does not bear the sinful meaning of the scarlet letter on her bos om, the sunshine welcomes her under its rays. Even from a very young age, Pearl understands that the scarlet letter dictates her mother in every way. She also understands that it is a symbol of sin and nothing good can amount to it since sinful people are often ignored.Similarly to the point mentioned above, Pearl again, indirectly finds out that sin is a part of growing up. After making the association that the scarlet letter is a sinful thing, she tells her mother that she does not wear the scarlet letter yet. Hester responds to Pearl and says that she hopefully never will. Pearl is confused, and proceeds to ask her mother if the scarlet letter â€Å"will not come of its own accord when [she] [is] woman grown† (Hawthorne 221). The confusion among the young character reveals that she believes that her mother represents all the women in the community.By that, Pearl essentially believes that it is only natural that all people will eventually become sinful and bear the scarlet letter to represent it. It is a valid point but, Hester does not tell her whether she’s correct with the assumption. Instead, Hester avoids the topic and tells Pearl to â€Å"runaway†¦and catch the sunshine! It will soon be gone† (Hawthorne 221). Hester’s response can be interpreted in both a literal and figurative way. The literal response is telling her daughter to run and play before its starts getting dark. The figurative meaning is much more complex.In the paragraph above, sunshine has already been identified as ones pureness and innocence. When Hester tells her daughter that the sunshine is receding and advises Pearl to catch it while she still can, she is emphasizing the fact that sin is a part of life. Like the rotation of the sun, there comes a time in the day where it sets and all becomes dark. Pearl is currently pure and innocent because she is in the sunlight. However, her mother warns her that the sunlight is not going to be present forever and once it gets dark, she too will be sinful.The combined information about Pearl’s assumption and Hester’s figurative response to her daughter reveals to the reader that sin is an inevitable part of life. Pearl, being the youngest character, does not have the maturity to understand the complex world around her. However, her indirect observations and questions highlight the main points in the story. In this case, a few lines of her interaction with her mother reveals that her mother’s scarlet letter is a representation of sin and that sin is an inevitable part of life, which Hawthorne feels very strongly about.

Course notes conflict recreation Essay

Major factors behind outdoor recreational conflicts have been found to be: 1. Activity Style: The various personal meanings assigned to an activity. differences in personal meanings assigned to an activity, 2. Resource Specificity: The significance attached to using a specific recreation resource for a given recreational experience. differences in the level of significance attached to using a specific recreation resource, 3. Mode of Experience: The varying expectations of how the natural environment will be perceived. c) differences in expectations of the natural environment, 4. Lifestyle Tolerance: The tendency to accept of reject lifestyles different from one’s own. (d) differences in lifestyles. According to Jacob and Schreyer (1980), there are four major classes of factors which contribute to conflict in outdoor recreation: (a) differences in the level of significance attached to using a specific recreation resource, (b) differences in personal meanings assigned to an activity, (c) differences in expectations of the natural environment, and (d) differences in lifestyles. Users who become â€Å"attached† to a resource are believed to develop a sense of possession or perception of the place as a â€Å"central life interest. † The degree to which a particular activity or place represents a central life interest can vary substantially among groups using an area, even among groups participating in the same activity. Thus, one individual or group may believe they are more attached to an area or an activity than a competing individual or group. This perception of differences can initiate feelings of conflict. Variation in the personal meanings visitors attach to particular activities may also be linked coping are strategies as those that people use more typically during active participation (recreationists can respond to unwanted situations by substituting one place for another, by altering their use patterns, and by maintaining satisfaction by enjoying different activities. ? Displacement ? change activity pattern if negative setting, experience change ? temporal: shift visit time (weekend–weekday, peak–off-peak ? spatial ? intersite: shift from one area to a different area ? intrasite: shifts within recreation area (e. g. , other campsite) ? Rationalization ? recreation voluntary, investment of time, money, effort ? reduce internal conflict, report high satisfaction, low conflict & crowding regardless of actual conditions. ? Product Shift ? alter definition of recreation opportunity in congruence with conditions experiences; change way think about area Major factors behind outdoor recreational conflicts have been found to be: 1. Activity Style: The various personal meanings assigned to an activity. 2. Resource Specificity: The significance attached to using a specific recreation resource for a given recreational experience. differences in the level of significance attached to using a specific recreation resource, 1. Activity Style: The various personal meanings assigned to an activity. 2. Mode of Experience: The varying expectations of how the natural environment will be perceived or in other words, differences in a person’s expectations of the natural environment. 4. Lifestyle Tolerance: The tendency to accept of reject lifestyles different from one’s own. (d) differences in lifestyles. When a conflict is asymmetrical such as those identified in between hikers and trail bikers (Ramthun, 1995;Watson et al. , 1991), and water skiers and fishermen (Gramann & Burdge, 1981) one way conflict relationships often based on stereotyping from one group to the other based. These conflicts often require management intervention. Substitution alternatives (Shelby & Vaske, 1991), is a coping behavior where a recreationists use behavioral choices when faced with an unwanted crowding or other undesirable situation. Alternatives that can be substituted include the resource, timing of participation (temporal substitution), and mode of participation (activity substitution). In other words, substituting one place for another, changing when they go or how they participate, but still keeping their satisfaction by enjoying different activities. This paper specifically examines the issue of participant skill level as a factor in out-group and in-group conflict by conducting surveys with skiers and snowboarders at five different Colorado ski resorts. Two particular hypotheses were tested: 1) individuals with greater skills in skiing and snowboarding would experience more conflict than those with less ability, and 2) across all skill levels, skiers and snowboarders would experience more out-group than in-group conflict. A total of 383 skiers and 212 snowboarders were asked to rate their skill level on a four-point scale (beginner, intermediate, advanced, or expert). Conflict was measured by asking respondents the frequency with which other skiers or snowboarders a) failed to be aware of others around them, b) were not keeping an adequate distance from others, c) failed to yield the right of way to the downhill skier/snowboarder, d) behaved in a discourteous manner, e) cut others off, and f) failed to be aware of and yield to less advanced skiers/snowboarders. The results of the study supported both hypotheses. As perceived skill level increased, out-group and in-group conflict increased for both skiers and snowboarders. Within each skill level, skiers reported more unacceptable behaviors by snowboarders than with fellow skiers, and snowboarders also identified more out-group than in-group conflict. Conflict is between different activities. Conflict can be as great or greater within the same activity as it is between different activities. While earlier studies were generally limited to conflicts caused by other activities, some researchers have included both in-group and out-group comparisons in their assessments. Thapa (1996) found that skiers were as likely to attribute conflict to other skiers as they were to snowboarders. Todd (1987) found that conflict among Delaware River canoeists was more likely to be caused by other canoeists than other water-based recreationists like motorboaters, tubers or rafters. Additionally, the intra-activity conflicts among river users were more likely to result from other members of one’s own group (intra-group conflict) than from other canoeists (inter-group conflict). Some conflict is not activity-based, but rather, based on undesirable behaviors that may be exhibited by participants in any activity. Gibbons and Ruddell (1995) found more goal interference attributed to discourteous behavior than to encounters with helicopter skiers. Todd (1987) also found that some conflicts perceived by canoeists resulted from non-. In-group conflict is when the recreationists are participating in the same activity such as the conflict between conoeists on the same river or skiers on a mountain. Out-group conflict is conflict between different users/activities. In the same example above, the out group conflict would be with canoeists and motorboats user or with skiers and snowboarders. Some conflict is not activity-based, but rather, based on undesirable behaviors that may be exhibited by participants in any activity. Thapa.

The Dim Lighting Company Case Analysis

The Dim Lighting is facing a major decision. They are deciding whether or not to undertake a new project. This project is an extremely costly and time consuming one but on the other hand it may bring great benefits to the company. There are many considerations that are going into the big decision. Jim West is the general manager of the Dim Lighting Company and is thinking over all the ideas and alternatives. There are some problems that deal with the company as a whole. Does the company want to wait until they are â€Å"going down† to think of new innovations? The company knows that they can’t just sit without change. In an ever changing market, a company that wants to be successful must keep up with change. On the other hand, investing in a major project when the company isn’t in the best financial form may not be so beneficial as well. In theory the company may want to react to the situation but in practice they just don’t have the means. There are some problems micro problems with innovation as well. Firstly, it is possible that Spinks has a major influence on the decision because of his autocratic personality. The other managers know that Spinks is a vital member and losing him may really hurt the company. Their decision may be swayed to satisfy Spinks. Another issue on the micro scale is West’s needs for a profitable year. Jim West needs to see the company profitable after a year of slowed profit. This may cause his decision to be biased. There are a few causes that may lead to a change in the company. Firstly is the need for an additional source of income. The company needs to come up with new ways to bring in income and a new innovation look like a great way. Another cause may be the need for new innovation after the same product type has been sold for many years. The workers may be itching for a change and grab the first possible moment. Lastly, the cause for the change may be the overbearing personality of Mr. Spinks. A change like this one can really affect the entire sociotechnical system of a company. Obviously, the technical subsystem of the company would be changed to focus on outputting a new product. In addition, the company currently has a traditional structure if indeed the change does take place the structure will change. As far as the psychosocial subsystem, there are some behavioral problems displayed in the case that can really have a negative effect on the company. The stubbornness of Spinks is just one example of such a behavior. The goals and values of the company and parent company seem to be making income with no need for innovation. The parent company didn’t want to support this change. If the change is made the whole goal of the company will be changes. Lastly, the managerial subsystem will be affected as well. The way the management deals with things will be altered for good. (Brown, 2011) There are some alternative plans that West should consider. Firstly, West should consider a compromise with Spinks and his proposed plans. He can suggest that the project be spread over four years instead of two. He can also tell Spinks that he had to lower the budget a little to make the project feasible. Another option would be to find a private investor. There are people who will invest in new products in the hope of gaining from the profits. If there is a private investor, the company will not make as much profit but at the same time they will save millions on research and development. One last idea, the company can lay out the benefits and pluses of the new product and represent it to the parent company. Perhaps the company will decide to contribute to the funds. There are a few things that should be recommended to West. Firstly, he needs to be very cautious around Spinks. He needs Spinks in the company because of his many attributes. He needs to validate Spinks and be sure to work with him and not against him. Angering Spinks may lead to his resignation, which would be a big loss for the company. West also needs to be told that he needs to think long term. He needs to put aside a one year income improvement and look at the long term picture. I would recommend that West meet with an external practitioner to discuss the issues. The practitioner can talk to all the managers, hear them all out, and then help the company make the best decision possible. An external practitioner is one that comes from a different viewpoint and position of objectivity. ( Zainbooks. com) Lastly, I would suggest that West be sure to do some morale boosting activities during this time. It is a stressful time for all those in the company and West needs to make sure that it has no effect on the employees and managers. Conclusion: This case was a real eye opener for me. I have not been in the business world for long and never at a managerial level. This case showed me how real issues come up and people can be very influential. This case also showed me the importance of consulting a practitioner when issues that are large come up. I also saw the amount of time and consideration that goes into every step that a business takes. It was a great case to display the needs for organizational development in the business world. References: Brown, Donald R. (2011). An Experiential Approach to Organization Development. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. www. Zainbooks.com, The Organization Development Practitioner, http://www.zainbooks.com/books/management/organization-development_10_the-organization-development-practitioner.html, April 4, 2011

Life and Its Lessons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Life and Its Lessons - Essay Example Socrates said that he doesn’t want to flee, though he was to be sentenced. He wants to be sentenced even though he doesn’t believe in the ways on how the government sentenced him. He would like that the public know of his ideas rather than flee. He was a philosopher and he stood with his beliefs even if it meant he had to die for it. He further stated in Apology that â€Å"A good man cannot be harmed either in life or in death† and since he believed that he did the right thing, then he knew that even if he died then he would not be harmed.It was also in the text â€Å"Apology† wherein the â€Å"Strong Promise of Defiance† showed that Socrates was willing to defy the Athenian court whether it was a legal or illegal order if it stops him from being what he is which is a philosopher. In addition to this, another example is in the story â€Å"The Lesson† by Toni Cade Bambara, one of the characters Miss Moore is a college educated woman who has co me to live in a poor African−American neighborhood and took the responsibility to teach the children living in it about the community outside and the problems that African Americans and poor people face in the world. Miss Moore was not afraid to be different from the other members of the community where she lived. She was college educated, does not go to church like the rest of the community and wore her hair in curls that was different from the African-American descent who had their hair straightened out. . This just shows that she’s comfortable with her ancestry and does not conform to what was expected of their race. She was not afraid to share her ideas even if others think she is weird. Another example came from the play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansbury, Beneatha was a feminist, her ideas and the way she thinks were that of a modern African-American woman. She even wants to works as a doctor which in his brother’s eyes was a job for a m an and wanted her to be a nurse instead. She was not afraid to speak of her ideas and what she feels (Domina, 3). In order to make right decisions people have to determine first who they really are. Because if they deny everything that they stand for, then the decision making capabilities may be hindered by conflicts within themselves. Another question that a person asks in life is â€Å"what can I know†, what people know in their lifetime came from what they learned from childhood and reinforced as they grow old. The lessons in life â€Å"what we can know† are influenced by people met in school, work, and the society. In addition, some lessons are results of the decisions or choices that are made. The story â€Å"The Things we Carried† by Tim O’Brien depicts and shows the things that soldiers carry both physical and emotional issues. It sets an example on what can one know in the workplace and the people they work

Vocational Rehabilitation has a good effect on job placement for Research Proposal

Vocational Rehabilitation has a good effect on job placement for substance abuse people - Research Proposal Example It has been observed that the total number of vocational institutions currently prevailing in our society are comparatively insufficient as compared to the demand of the economy and the world’s population. Just focusing on enhancing the enrolment in technical institutes is not enough. It is very important to give them the jobs they deserve in order to earn their living. Presently, prevailing vocational centers have now started focusing on enhancing vocational competence of the population and workforce and providing them quality training which matches the needs of the economy and different firms operating in the economy. These vocational institutions provide degree for various subjects including computers, communication, business, art & design and many more. Establishment of these training institutions apart from providing advantages to substance abuse people, has also reduced poverty and street begging to some extent. Throughout the world it is extremely difficult to estimate the total number of street beggars including children, women, disabled people and others. Many of these people engage in other activities like collecting garbage from dumps etc. These people in society deserve some assistance which is being provided by such centers.

LEGAL ASPECTS OF NURSING Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LEGAL ASPECTS OF NURSING - Case Study Example 2. The nurses are negligent for delaying their medication documentation for such a long period of time as the next day. The fact that a medication is not documented endangers the patient of receiving too little or too much of the medications on subsequent shifts when other nurse have no way of knowing that there are missing entries in the records. 3. When the root of the problem or cause of the situation is evaluated the ethical principles which must be considered are patient safety first and foremost. Standards of practice should also be evaluated and the facility policy on medication should be evaluated to ensure that it is clear in all areas of medication administration. 4. If the case was heard in court the charges would likely be malpractice and negligence. Negligence and or malpractice can be defined as ‘the doing of something a reasonably prudent person would not do,’ it must be shown that the standard of care what deviated and that there were damages or injuries because of the negligence or malpractice (Understanding Negligence, 2012). The possibility of something dangerous or injurious to a patient due to medication errors such as those described is very strong and often nurses are taken to court for the same errors which end up causing injury to a plaintiff. Because there were no injuries reported or complaints from patients described it is less likely that the case would require court charges against the nurse. 1. The primary defendant in this case would be the original nurse suspected; however after the testimony and other nurse’s acknowledging their own wrongdoing and medication errors they should be suspended and held liable as well. The plaintiff could be the facility if they chose to bring charges against the nurse which is unlikely as this was cause negativity towards the facility. Most likely if charges were brought against the nurse they would stem from a patient incident. 2. The court would probably rule in

The Future of Nursing in an Evolving Health Care System Research Paper

The Future of Nursing in an Evolving Health Care System - Research Paper Example The report recommended nurses to join the talks regarding the transformation of healthcare service delivery by giving them a greater voice and control in making reliable and effective decisions (RWJF, 2012a). The main objective was reforming the healthcare delivery approach, and ensuring patients received better and reliable care at much lower costs that they could afford. To make service delivery more affordable and efficient, nurses had to be the focus in all deliberations; they are much closer to patients in healthcare facilities. Such were the proposed strategic decisions to transform the future of nursing in improving healthcare delivery. The IOM report on the future of Nursing was of much importance to the nursing profession. Nurses have varying levels of education and competencies raging from the licensed practicing nurses, who in most cases are in contact with patients in nursing homes, to nurse scientists who are actively involved in research work on how to improve the care of patients and improving the nursing profession. The IOM report considered all classes of nurses across education levels, roles, and settings in envisioning the future of the profession (Institute of Medicine, 2010). ... Â  states, with regulations related to the scope of practice defining what activities a qualified nurse has to perform, all which affect different nurses in different ways (Institute of Medicine, 2010). Moreover, the recommendations of the IOM committee sought to improve the nursing profession by recommending that nurses had to achieve higher levels of education and training by going through a much-improved education system with seamless academic progression (Institute of Medicine, 2010). This was aimed at ensuring nurses are better equipped to deal with the rapidly changing patient needs, which are becoming more complicated. By advancing their academic levels, nurses would be better equipped to deliver high-quality care with competencies such as leadership, system improvement, health policy, and research and development being injected in the nursing profession. According to the Institute of Medicine (2010), the purpose of the Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action intended to guide the implementation of the recommendations by the Institute of Medicine report on the Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health; a report that was considered a blueprint in the medical sector. It was taken as the roadmap for future direction and actions in the nursing sector, towards making the recommendations of the committee a reality. The campaign aimed at enabling and preparing the nurse to lead changes within their areas of operations, advancing and improving the nursing education, removing barriers in nursing practice across the states, fostering an effecting interprofessional collaboration between various stakeholders, enabling an infrastructure for data collection in interprofessional healthcare staff, among other reasons (Institute of Medicine, 2010).

Competitive position and performance of Soft Drinks Industry 03082 Essay

Competitive position and performance of Soft Drinks Industry 03082 - Essay Example The discussion has provided a clear image about the organisations and their last five years financial performances. It has evaluated the non-financial performances to assess the future performance of the organisations. The study has provided essential recommendations for the organisations to improve their future performance. The soft drink market is the highly growing industry sectors of the UK with 44.8% market share. In comparison to 2013, the overall consumption of different soft drink brands within the UK has witnessed a modest increase of 0.9%. Approximately 48% of consumers in the UK prefer different brands of carbonated soft drink rather than other beverages. Over 37% of the household of the UK are replacing alcoholic beverages with the carbonated soft drink during their meal time (Ford, 2014). The UK soft drink market consists of wide range of product options such as carbonated drinks, flavoured juices, ready-to-drink beverages, packaged drinking water and energy drinks (British Soft Drink Association. 2014). The carbonated soft drink (CDS) market possesses the largest portion, i.e. 50.3%, of the UK soft drink industry. The major players of the UK CDS sector include Britvic Plc., Nichols Plc. and A. G. Barr Plc. which own respectively 43%, 2% and 3% of the overall market share by revenue (Britis h Soft Drink Association. 2013). Though the market consists of a huge number of local organisations, it is still dominated by different international players such as Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo Inc (Steen and Ashurst, 2008). The range of soft drinks on the shelves of retail outlets is rapidly growing which is giving people a wider choice than ever. Therefore, this situation has fuelled fierce competition within the local brands to secure a competitive position within the UK market. The strong competition in the market is also influencing the major local players to indulge in different research

Otto Von Bismarck Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Otto Von Bismarck - Term Paper Example First, after the defeat of Austria, it was expected that Otto Von Bismarck would make some demands for some territory from Austria, but instead, Otto Von Bismarck adapted the illogical strategy of failing to make such demands3. Otto Von Bismarck had sought excuses to start a war with Austria, by arguing that they had violated the Convention of Gastein4. Consequently, he charged the Prussian troops to attack Austria, but on realizing that the Austria troops were equally strong, he forged an alliance with Italy which was interested in some of the Austria’s territory in Venetia. This made the Austria’s army to be divided between fighting the Prussian troops and the Italian troops, thus losing the war. It is this illogical move that eventually resulted to the unification of Germany, through the unification of the German States, to combine forces in the Austro-Prussian War5. This is because, with the exclusion of Austria from Germany, then it was possible for Prussia to domi nate the German politics6. The other RealPolitik strategy applied by Otto Von Bismarck to achieve the unification of Germany was that of sustaining an enemy outlook with France. Otto Von Bismarck provoked France though trying to impose a German prince on the Spanish throne7. After the defeat of Austria, France perceived a united Germany as a major threat to the power politics in Europe, and thus made several attempts to unite with other territories such as Belgium and Luxemburg8. During such attempts, Otto Von Bismarck kept France advanced to the intrigues, but France did not win any of the territories, making France to be perceived as greedy and aggressive. This strategy was meant to ensure that the German states would unite under the Prussian authority, so that they would be offered protection against the perceived aggression from France9. Seeking to ensure that France would be seen as the aggressor against Germany, Otto Von Bismarck

Hormones and the Stressed Brain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hormones and the Stressed Brain - Essay Example One, the mineralocorticoid receptors ( MR's) that control the genes for stabilization of neural activity produced in response to the stress due to the release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)-1 receptor. The glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) which unlike the MRs have low affinity induce agitation in the genes in response to the stress level produced by cortisol. GRs along with CRH-2 receptors, and parasympathetic system of behavioral alteration, aid in storing energy and information for any future occasions. Coordination and balance between the two is important for mental and physical health. Imbalance may occur due to genetic defect, individual experience etc altering the neural signal route controlling memory, emotion etc. Understanding the mechanism of corticosteroid help to find causes behind various stress related ailment like depression. The individuals response to his/her environment is determined by the stress mediators or management hormones like corticosteroids mostly concentrated in the brain. In a healthy human being with perfectly balanced stress system the response operates is synonymous to the switch on and off responses of an electric fan. Sometimes these mediators may not operate in a balanced and coordinated way as in normal healthy humans.

Answering Questions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Answering Questions - Research Paper Example Hogan is incredibly light in her touch in connecting these ideas, relying on the inbuilt notions of her reader more than her own prowess. Answer: Hogan’s tone is incredibly personal, and she tries to bring out the magic of her subjects to give a sense of wonder to her reader. She starts out by being incredibly personal, telling about her own life, which helps build a report and avoids any stilted formality. She then moves on, however, to connect her life to the wonders of the cosmos in the form of the voyager space craft, expanding her vocabulary and putting herself in the context of the wider universe. She thus minimizes both herself and her reader, asking them to see themselves in the context of the wonder of the universe. Answer: I think that it is a natural human impulse to put our best foot forward, and in that way we were somewhat honest to ourselves in leaving some things out. We sent this to be a craft that was supposed to demonstrate who humans want to be, the best of our capabilities, not the worst. To answer this question, ask yourself if it would be wise to tell a stranger the best and worst things about you all at once when you first meet them. In any society on the planet Earth, the answer would be a definitive no. We were being honest to who we are: people who want the universe to think well of us. Finally, putting the bad in with the good might codify the bad: make the bad okay, normal, who we

Environmental Economics & climatic change Essay Example for Free

Environmental Economics climatic change Essay Many approaches to green house emissions are currently being examined in the United States. In fact members of the 110th Congress (2007-2008) are actually making legislations pertaining to global changes faster than has even been experienced before having made over 235 bills, resolutions and changes by July, 2008. One such proposal is the cap-and-trade system (Paltsev et al. 4). The cap-and-trade is a piece of legislation meant to identify the greenhouse-gas-emitting bodies it incorporates. It refers to those organizations which introduces caps on the emissions they are responsible for and allows trading in the emission allowances which arise therein (Obama Biden, New Energy for America). They basically stipulate a set of accounting periods allocating allowed emissions for all the periods (Paltsev et al. 4). Cap-and-Trade Legislation; SO2 Program The permit trading programs offer pollution permits to organizations which reduce their pollution discharge lower than the target benchmarks. They are then allowed to either trade them or keep them for use in future (Ludwig 1). Following the Clean Air Amendments of 1990 the U. S put in place the Acid Rain Program to gain a reduction in sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx), the main contributors of acid rain (Ludwig 1). The second program was the Hot-spots and acid rain program which basically involves regulatory tiering; embracing more than one regulatory regime at one specific time with the intention of exercising some control on the way permits are made use of (Obama Biden, New Energy for America). The goal of the acid rain program is to reduce SO2 emissions by 50%; a task meant to be accomplished through two stages mandating all organizations to reduce their SO2 emissions (Ludwig 3). The Opt-in program established by the Congress according to section 410 of the Clean Air Act Amendments of the year 1990 was designed with the intention of drawing the SO2 sources with reduced marginal costs of compliance (Ludwig 3). It is important to note however that the permit trading programs are not effectively contributing towards reducing increased emissions. Indeed the acid rain program of the United States has had less and unlikely effects on pollution hot-spots (Ludwig 10). This is quite unfortunate given the main energy challenges facing the U. S, which are foreign oil dependence and global changes in the climate (Obama Biden, New Energy for America). The safeguard the acid rain program makes use of is one of the reasons permit net flows have such a low effect on reducing emission. Alternative Method of Pollution Control It is worth appreciating that carbon trading at the markets was a positive step be it at the global, European or national fronts (NCEP, Ending the Energy Stalemate: A Bipartisan Strategy to Meet America’s Energy Challenges). It was in deed a challenge not only to the government but also to the private sector (Obama Biden, New Energy for America). If the war against carbon emissions is to be worn, a global regulatory framework would be needed (Watson et al 1). This would call for British Government and the World Bank to embrace the same views. This means that the cap-and-trade legislations can no longer offer the best solution to the problem. What is needed is a different approach, an alternative way of reducing carbon emissions. In light of the climatic changes being experienced, carbon emissions should be reduced by all chances (Obama Biden, New Energy for America). This calls for a new trading strategy; an approach which is more inclusive likely to involve all ventures emitting carbon such as aircrafts and ships (Watson et al 1). In the private sector this would call for a wider long-term market approach, voluntary in nature working to achieve public and private interests. The Kyoto Protocol should be strengthened coupled with better implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (Watson et al 1). Indications of progress are beginning to be seen with incentives for reducing emissions, development of alternative technologies as well as investments attraction (Watson et al 2). There is also the need for better liaison with the UN system more so in helping poor countries with their emission problems (NCEP, Ending the Energy Stalemate: A Bipartisan Strategy to Meet America’s Energy Challenges). This therefore means that carbon taxation is definitely not an alternative solution the emission problems. There is need to invest in fuel-efficient machinery, support domestic energy supply, as well as diversifying the nations’ sources of energy (Obama Biden, New Energy for America). Organizations also need to commit themselves to the course of lowering their energy consumption (Watson et al 2). The Legislation I would Support As an undergraduate in ApEc 3611, I would support the second alternative because it more inclusive, realistic and possibly a better solution since it involves many stakeholders (Watson et al 2). What I imply here is that a new alternative to America’s and indeed the world’s energy problem is an idea whose time has come (NCEP, Ending the Energy Stalemate: A Bipartisan Strategy to Meet America’s Energy Challenges). Energy is a real challenge facing the world and for America, there is even greater need to address the issue because of foreign oil dependence (Obama Biden, New Energy for America). Therefore I support the new alternatives to reducing carbon emissions. The private sector needs to embrace a wider long-term market perspective but within the confines of both the public and the private interests (Watson et al 2). This new perspective calls for more research into the areas of innovative technology as well as new investments. Indeed one of the mid-to-long term proposals to the energy crisis in America is to make investments towards the secure energy future of the nation alongside creating more than 5 million jobs all with the intention of lowering foreign oil dependence (Obama Biden, New Energy for America). Such efforts will greatly reduce carbon emissions besides contributing towards the reduction of the country’s dependence on foreign oil (NCEP, Ending the Energy Stalemate: A Bipartisan Strategy to Meet America’s Energy Challenges). There is need to strengthen the Kyoto Protocol and the implementation of more stringent governance and accountability systems (Watson et al 2). The Emissions Trading System (ETS) needs to be reviewed (Hertel, Global Trade Analysis: Modeling and Applications). This is because for it to be successful, it needs to put caps on emissions. This will create both markets and prices for carbon emission permits (Watson et al 2). I therefore fully support these new alternatives since they offer a more proactive approach to the nation’s energy problems. Cost Benefit Analysis The lake in question is private property if the home owner has the property rights to it. This would mean that as a private good it can only be used by another party if it is paid for. It is the lake owner who would decide whether or not another party uses the lake. For this to happen, the total benefits accrued from the use of the lake will have to supersede the costs of using the same lake thus a Pareto improvement (Oka 18). The lake owner will have to carry out a cost-benefit analysis before he can allow fishing in the lake. This is an evaluation tool to determine if the use of scarce resources will generate efficiency (Fuguitt Wilcox 2). Efficiency is in relation to the lake will be the benefit of peace and quiet at $2,000 per season. It means the benefit of allowing Walleye Wally to use the lake will be $ 2,000. With $ 2,500 he can meet the $2,000 and secure the fishing deal meaning that there will be fishing in the lake. However, with only $1,200 per season, he cannot meet the cost of foregoing the peace and quiet thus there will be no fishing. Assume Walleye Wally had the property rights and the benefits of peace and quiet to the home owner remain unchanged at $2,000. With $2,500 there would be fishing in the lake. The lake owner cannot however pay Walleye Wally not to fish since the cost of paying Walleye would supersede the benefit of peace and quiet, hence there will be no Pareto improvement. If Walleye got $1,200 per season there cannot be fishing in the lake since the benefit of the fishing will be less than the cost and hence no Pareto improvement. This transaction cannot be termed as efficient since one party will suffer loss in the transaction. The principle that by which the concept of efficiency is applied is here is the cost benefit analysis (Oka 19). Conclusion There are factors that would hinder the cost-benefit analysis. For public goods, it is difficult to measure the efficiency concept and the Pareto improvement concept is lost. The consideration of potential value that would be attached to sustainability would make it difficult to make an accurate cost-benefit analysis (Oka 26). In conclusion, cost-benefit is an economic tool used for gauging the efficiency of a transaction in the market economy (Oka 17). With regards to CO2 emissions, there is need for a new direction which will require a more centralized regime; a continual and joint effort between the government, businesses and the people (Obama Biden, New Energy for America). Works Cited Fuguitt, Diana and Wilcox, Shanton. Cost-Benefit Analysis for Public Sector Decision Makers. Accessed 17 February 2009 from http://www. csus. edu/indiv/w/wassmerr/CBAOverview. pdf Hertel, Thomas W. Global Trade Analysis: Modeling and Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA: 1997. Ludwig, Lindsay C. The U. S Acid Rain Program and Its Effect on SO2 Emission Levels. Issues in Political Economy 13 (2004):1-11. Accessed on 17 February 2009 from http://org. elon. edu/ipe/Ludwig_Edited. pdf. NCEP [National Commission on Energy]. Ending the Energy Stalemate: A Bipartisan Strategy to Meet America’s Energy Challenges, Washington DC: 2004 Obama, Barack and Biden, Joe. New Energy for America, 2008. Accessed 17 February 2009 from http://www. barackobama. com/pdf/factsheet_energy_speech_080308. pdf Oka, Tosihiro. Effectiveness and Limitations of Cost-benefit Analysis in Policy Appraisal Government Auditing Review 10 (2003): 18- 26 Paltsev, Sergy, et al. Assessment of U. S Cap-and-Trade Proposals. Report number 146, 2007. Accessed 17 February 2009: 1-71 from http://web. mit. edu/globalchange/www/MITJPSPGC_Rpt146. pdf. Watson, Bob. , Grubb, Michael. , and Stuart, Marc. Dinne

International Construction Contracts and Dispute Resolution

International Construction Contracts and Dispute Resolution Discuss the distinction between the role of the Engineer as an agent of the Employer and the Engineer as independent of the Employer. Discuss also whether the distinction is useful, and whether and where (and why) it might be abandoned or retained. In addition, consider and list the provisions in the FIDIC Conditions (Red Book) (1999 ed.) whereby the Engineer performs functions as: Agent of the Employer; and/or Independently of the Employer   The employer in a project is not an expert in the field of construction. The employer is one who only knows business thus, he needs someone with expert knowledge in the field to help him implement his project successfully. It is at this juncture the engineer comes into the scene who has the expert knowledge and helps the employer implement his project. He is employed by the employer and works for the employer in many different roles. As Dr Donald Charrett list out a series of thirteen roles that the engineer has to play, we can see that the engineers role comes into play much before the construction starts. Here it is the role that he plays after the contractor is appointed and the construction starts, we will see the multiplicity and conflict in his role as an engineer. The role that will be at focus in the essay, in broad terms is his role as an agent of the employer and as a decision maker. The essay will try to differentiate and discuss the roles in which the Engineer acts as an agent of the employer and roles where he acts independently from the employer. We will do this by looking out first as to how the concept of todays Engineer as an agent of the employer had developed and then discuss the different FIDIC condition that define and differentiate the role of the engineer. In the next part the discussion will focus on the independence of the engineer and will define the roles where the employer acts as an agent of the employer and where he is independent of the employer. I will deal with the provision of FICID not as a separate part, rather will list and discuss it with the first part of the question. At this stage I find it pertinent to first discuss who the engineer is according to FIDIC. The definition of an engineer can be found in sub clause 1.1.2.4 of red and yellow book: Engineer means the person appointed by the Employer to act as the Engineer for the purposes of the Contract and named in the Appendix to Tender, or other person appointed from time to time by the Employer and notified to the Contractor under Sub-Clause 3.4. This doesnt explain what the engineer job or role is as it has been dealt with by FICID under different sub-clauses under clause three. In a nut shell the Engineer is a individual whose role can be said to the project manager where he has to implement different aspect of the contract. In sub-clause 1.1.2.6 of red and yellow book the engineer is stated to be an employers personal. Sub-clause 1.1.2.6 stated: Employers personnel means the engineers, the assistant referred to in sub-clause 3.2 and all other staffs, labour and other employees of the engineer and of the employer; and any other personnel notified to the contractor, by the employer or the engineer, as the employers personnel. Looking at both the definition clause it becomes clear that the engineer is one who is appointed by the employer and is considered as employer personnel. One thing that come out clear from the definition clause is that the Engineer is always an employee of the Employer. The gives rise to the question, if the engineer can be independent at any circumstance though the contract or at the least be fair and impartial. The Engineer has multiple role to play which are related to the contract and some of his role as the Engineer starts much before the contractor is appointed. The Engineer was brought into the picture by the employer much before the contractor is appointed. The Engineer is brought in at the initiation stage as he is required to multiple works like assessing the design, advising on the contractor to the employer and sometime vet the projects viability to third party financer. With so many roles relating to the employer, can the engineer be expected to be independent. Historically it depended on the term of a contract to decide if the engineer was independent of the employer or not. In Ranger v Great Western Railway Co[1]the court by interpreting the contract found that the engineer was never independent and his decision were therefore the decision of the company. Whereas in in In re De Morgan, Snell Co. and Rio De Janeiro Flour Milling Co.[2], the chief engineer and the resident engineer were found to be independent from the employer. The basis was that where the engineer had autocratic control over the work and had the power to issue final and binding decision, was considered to be independent from both the contracting parties.[3] The courts saw this authority as a conflict of interest hence, applied very strict standard to the way engineers executed his authority and power.[4] This resulted in a change in The way the Engineer was related to the employer. The way the Engineer was related to the employer moved to a more modern form of the relationship we see today, where the Engineer mostly stands as an agent of the employer. The authority, duty and obligation ware still derived from a contract and this resulted in courts taking a stricter stance on the role of an engineer.   The courts have always imposed stricter and higher standard on the functioning of The Engineer. In cases where the contract engineer was the agent of the employer, the parties to the contract enter into the contract stating that the engineer has to undertake number of duties for the implementation of the project. Courts have mostly held that the engineer in case of absence of any words to the contrary in the contract is expected to act fairly in case of his role as a decision maker. Mc Farlan J in the case of Perini corporation v Commonwealth of Australia[5] had stated that, during the performance of all the duties under the contract the engineer will remain an employee of the government(Employer). Even during the discharge of his duty as a decision maker he continues to be the employee of the government, but he is still expected to act fairly and justly with skills towards both parties to the contract. In the modern form, we see that the engineer became an agent of the employer in his different roles under the contract, but he was still expected to act as an independent person should work, who must be fair, impartial and honest towards both the parties when acting in his role as a decision-maker under the traditional system. But the industry moved on from the independent form of the Engineer and the system of impartial Engineer as a decision-maker was adopted. The concept of an impartial engineer was incorporated in the modern form of contractual provision for construction contracts (FIDIC). 3.1 Fidic On The Role Of An Engineer The engineer under the old FIDIC red book was expected to act impartially. As was stated under sub-clause 2.6: (d) otherwise taking action which may affect the rights and obligations of the Employer or the Contractor, he shall exercise such discretion impartially within the. The incorporation and requirement of the impartiality of the Engineer was because of the realisation of the fact that there will always be a doubt on the impartiality. The presence of the doubt is because of the presence of conflict of interest as the Engineer is now the agent of the employer. Then over a period of time it was realised that the expectation of impartiality cannot be also confirmed. So there was again a change occurred from the requirement of being impartial to being fair. According to Ola Ø. Nisja the concept of fairness developed through case law in the common-law system as the engineer was expected to be a person with professional ethics and you can expect from him to be a fair decision maker. Ola Ø. Nisja   also states that the concept of a fair decision maker was not in common practice till the FIDIC form included it in their standard form of contract. Hence in the 1999 edition of FIDIC red book and yellow book the concept has been replaced with the concept of fairness with word fairly under clause 3.5 and the concept of impartiality wasdone away with. The reason being there will always be doubt on the impartiality of the engineer and that can be easily removed from the contract by words that can negate the expectation of impartiality. The thought has been made apparent by Lord Hoffmann in Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering Ltd v Docklands Light Railway[6] where he has stated that, the architect is the agent of the employer, so he is a professional man but can hardly be considered to be independent. He speaks of the architect who is appointed in the role of The Engineer, where you can still expect an individual to be fair if not independent or impartial. Intellectually speaking the concept of being fair is inherent to the nature of a decision maker that is expected in a common law system and it is easier to expect the engineer to be fair than being impartial. Even when the contract doesnt impose any obligation in any way, the engineer is still expected to act in a, honest, fair and reasonable manner when under taking the role of a decision-maker. The above observation comes from Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering Ltd v Docklands Light Railway Ltd only where there was no appointed engineer for the project and the employer itself through its own employee took up the duty of decision maker, he was still expected to be fair, honest and reasonable[7].   Other than the implied duty of acting impartially there is ex pressed duty under the code of ethic to act impartially also. Of the many issues that challenge the impartiality of the engineer one that, the engineer has to make a decision regarding to his own work. In such position there cannot be an expectation for impartiality at all. Of the many roles that Dr Donald Charrett list most of them have been infused into new role of an engineer in the modern time where he is the agent of an employer. As an agent, the duty of the engineer is to successfully implement the project which is surrounded around the condition that he has to work in the best interest of his employer. But as a decision maker he takes relief from his role as an agent of the employer and is expected to act as a neutral decision maker between the employer and contract and fairly decide the dispute. The clear differentiation of the engineers role can also be seen in standard form of contracts and specifically FIDIC. The role of an engineer is dealt in different sub-clause of clause three of both the FIDIC red and yellow book. Condition 3.1 deals with the duty and authority of an engineer and condition 3.1 (a) of both the red and yellow book state: Expect as otherwise stated in these condition:       Whenever carrying out duties or exercising authority, specified in or implied by the contract, the engineer shall be deemed to act for the employer; This makes it pretty clear that the employer is expected to act an agent of the employer in relation to any of the act he is required to do under the contract. And condition 3.5 of red and yellow book state deal with the role of an engineer as a decision maker, where it states that: If agreement is not achieved, the Engineer shall make a fair determination in accordance with the Contract, taking due regard of all relevant circumstances. It is clear from the wording of the FIDIC form of standard contract the engineer is in a position to represent the Employer in all matter, however he also has the obligation to discharge his contract obligation as a decision maker in a fair manner. Hence, of the many roles, an engineer plays, it is here as a decision maker, the engineer is expected to be fair and evenhanded when he is deciding the dispute. So, what we get in general is a person who is throughout the contract phase an agent but when required he has to act in the capacity of a decision maker and be neutral and fair. The sub-clause provides that he has to act fairly and even if the clause in struck out, under common law contracts there is an implied condition that the engineer still has to act fairly. Although the impartiality has been replaced with the concept of fairness, some author make it clear that the contractor should never assume that the engineer belongs to the employer but rather he should assume that the engineer acts independently and impartially according to his professional standards. The concept of an engineer is not discussed in the civil law system hence, may French courts have been seen struck down any clause which gave power to the engineer to decide a dispute. The problem here is that the role on an engineer and he operates is a common law developed concept which has been best explained by Mc Farlan J in Perini corporation v Commonwealth of Australia[8] . the essence of such a relationship where the engineer acts in dual capacity is that the parties have voluntarily agreed so in the contract. The parties have agreed that they will accept and bind themselves on matter that he is required to decide The engineers duty to act fairly is an obligation that is understood to arise from the term of contract. FIDIC condition is a standard form of contract and when adopted for any project makes it a valid form of contract and clause 3.5 makes its legally binding clause and if the engineers dont act fairly then it becomes a breach of contract. In a contract, it is the duty of the parties to follow the contract and act in good faith towards the fulfilment of the contract. Hence, the duty is somehow on the employer to see to it that the engineer acts fairly to honour the clause of the contract when acting as a decision maker as the Engineer is an employer personal according to the definition. The engineer is a person who may not be himself involved in the dispute but definitely has interest in the dispute. One he is deciding upon a dispute that is there because of a decision he took earlier relating to a work and second, he is deciding something which is going to affect both the parties, and he is related to one of the parties. Then the contract expects the Engineer to not only protect the employers interest, he will also be protecting his interests as his decision is related to one of his work only. While the Engineer takes over the role of the engineer he is still employed by the employer and his salary being paid by the employer so, when the engineer is acting as a decision maker he is getting paid by the employer only for that role too. In view the impeding nature of lack of independence in the role of an Engineer that the FIDIC books have two safe-guards when he is acting as a decision maker: to decide fairly and in accordance to the contract. Then again, to promote fairness the FIDIC book also prohibits the Employer from replacing the engineer with anyone against whom the contract raises any reasonable objection.[9] HHJ Jackson state the legal situation of an engineer in the best possible way in Scheldebouw BV v St James Homes (Grovernor Dock) Ltd [10] The terms of the contract according to which the engineer has to work determine the role and duty of the decision maker There cannot be an expectation that he decision maker is in anyway independent from the employer. But while acting as a decision maker the decision maker is expected to act in an independent, impartial, fair and honest manner. He should act using his professional skill to reach the right decision and should not indulge in any favourism towards his employer. The last point is of interest here where it states that he is expected to act in a manner which is independent from the employer. It gives the notion that the decision maker is never truly independent from his employer, but he is expected to shed that relation while acting as a decision maker. This makes it clear that a decision by the engineer can only be challenged in cases where there is a doubt of impartiality or lack of fairness. Hence, it must be remembered that doubt on the independence of the Engineer can be no more a ground for challenging the decision. However, the Engineer is expected to be fair and neutral, so any possibility or even the doubt of the presence of bias by the Engineer towards the Employers Interest in the decisions and determination of contractual disputes, provides the contractor with the opportunity and the avenue to appeal against the decision of the engineer. After going through the relevant provision of FIDIC, case laws and works of different field expert we can say that in the modern system of construction contract the concept of an independent contractor is not present any more. All the while the engineer is only expected to act independently but there is no actual individuality that is independent of the employer. As I have earlier stated the engineer is always paid a salary by the employer, even when he is acting as a decision maker so there cannot any presumption of independence. The FIDIC condition also moved on to the concept of a fair determination as impartiality can be in question and cant be always expected. The reason being there would always be doubt because the Engineer never stops being the agent of the Employer or as the FICID states Employers Personnel. According to Charles C MacDonald, the Engineer is one individual who lacks the necessary requirement of independence to make important decision, as he is appointed by the employer.[11] Even Redfurn and Hunter in their book agree that the engineer who is appointed by the employer will lack the necessary independence to make important decision.[12] As we take stock all that has been discussed till now all we can say in laymans language, the engineer is never independent but it is his duty to act in an independent manner.[13]   At the end, we can conclude that there is no real distinction between the role of the Engineer where he acts as the agent of the employer and a role which he takes up, that is independent from the employer. No provision in the FIDIC form of contract also differentiate between the role rather the provision make it clear that he remains as agent all the while till the contract is in place. There are safeguards to ensure impartiality and fair decision making but still role like the one of decision maker should not be in anyway related or inclined to any party.   This results in the lack of independence in the decision-making process as the trust in the engineer being fair is also lost. This has in the recent years has only resulted in using the Engineer as a decision maker only a procedural requirement as his decision is just a prerequisite to go for a DAB decision or arbitration. The present form has its advantages as it helps in resolving disputes quickly and is serving its purpose in most of the cases but also has in its own disadvantages. The engineers fairness will always remain a matter of question and doubt. There is no requirement to completely overhaul the present system, there is just a need to reduce the disadvantages. As recommended by Ola Ø. Nisja, one engineer can be appointed as the agent of the employer for all the roles presented by the contract, except the one of decision maker and when a dispute arises, a new engineer who is not part of the project be brought in to decide on the matter The concept of an independent Engineer in practice was lost long ago as we moved to the present form. An Engineer independent of the Employer is a myth.   However, as we saw, even as an agent of the employer the engineer has to act fairly while acting as a decision maker and giving determinations. It will always be a challenge to the role of an engineer but he has to overcome this shortcoming has to show real professionalism. [1] (1854) 5 HLC 72; 10 ER 824 [2] Hudsons Building Contracts (4th ed) Vol II 185 [3] Ibid, p 215 [4] ibid [5] Perini Corporation v Commonwealth of Australia [1969] 2 NSWLR 530. [6] Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering Ltd v Docklands Light Railway Ltd (1996) 78 BLR 42 [7] ibid [8] Perini (n 5). [9] Sub-clause 3.4 FIDIC Red book (1st ed) 1999 FIDIC Yellow Book (1st ed) 1999 [10] Scheldebouw BV v St James Homes (Grovernor Dock) Ltd [2006] EWHC 89 (TCC) [11] Charles C MacDonald, Allocation of Risk in Major Infrastructure Projects-Why do we get it so Wrong? ([2001] ICLR 345), [12] ibid [13] Scheldebouw (n 10)

Why The Berlin Wall Was Assembled Essay

Why The Berlin Wall Was Assembled Essay To fully understand why The Berlin Wall was assembled, one must know of the events that took place. This wall for 28 years separated families, friends and a nation. Perhaps the major reasons it was assembled were for political and economical issues. Politically, the West side was interfering with the Russian Sector (East side). Economically, all of the citizens from East Germany were getting well educated there and moved to West Berlin for work. In this paper, I will explain the events and circumstances that led to the construction of the Berlin Wall. After the World War II in 1945, the Nazi Germany surrendered, the 4 allied countries, the United States, Great Britain, France and Russia signed the Potsdam Agreement treaty which determined the borders for Germany and Berlin. The Potsdam Agreement divided Germany and Berlin into four administrative zones. The United States, Great Britain and France combined to control three divisions in the Western half of Germany and Berlin, which eventually united to make a federal republic and made the three divided parts West Germany (Berlin 2002). The Eastern portion of Germany and Berlin were controlled by the Russia/Soviet Republic, later to become communist and made East Berlin the capital of East Germany (Tusa 1997). After the division, the economics of daily living was more acute in East Germany than in West Germany. Many suffered under repressions of the Communist party because of a communist system. Like the Soviet Union, the economy was struggling to get back on their feet after the war. It was said that East Germany was much like a Mini Moscow (Tusa 1997). The stores were literally empty and what good they did have were not of good quality. There were shortages of housing, food and health care. The economic of daily living in the West was much better. The economy was a lively urban area much like American cities. This is partially because West Germany and West Berlin were able to get from the United States through the Marshall Plan. (Grathwol 1994). Initially the division between East and West Berlin were uncertain because there was nothing to divide the city. For over ten year after the official separation, East Berlin saw a major emigration of East Germans who were unhappy with the communist system. With nothing to physically separate the East from the West, emigration was from totalitarianism to democracy was as easy as changing classrooms. The Soviet Union went against their promise to the people of East Germany and turned the country to Communist country. This decision separated East Germany even more from the rest of Europe. By the summer of 1952, East Germany was by it self and the border between East and West Germany was closed. Only the border in Berlin was open. (Berlin 2002) Most of the residents of East Berlin and East Germany did not like the communist regime. In fact, most people were not communists. On June 17, 1953, the people of East Germany became dissatisfied with the economic and political conditions of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). And started a riot and marched through the Brandenburg Gate into West Germany. Their intensions were to be combined with the workers of West Germany. To break up the riot, the Soviet Union called in tanks and troops that shot into the crowd on both sides killing or injuring many of them. Realizing that they were trapped and if they wanted to escape East Germany, they would have to risk their lives. It is estimated that by each day 8,000 to 10,000 people left East Germany to escape further west (Taylor 2007). This damaged the creditability and the workforce of the German Democratic Republic. For most of the emigrants under the age of sixty between 1949 and 1961, the legal process for lawful emigration was leng thy and difficult. This successfully in discouraged the young people from leaving the country. Since the elderly had no big role in the growth of the Communist State, emigration for them was fairly easy. To put an end to emigration, it was proposed to build a high wall. This idea later became The Berlin Wall. Winston Churchill would later name this barrier the Iron Curtain. The Berlin Wall was built on August 13, 1961. The German Communist leader under the command of Stalin, Walter Ulbricht organized the construction of a large wall to be built in order to restrain illegal emigration from the East to the West (Taylor 2007). On August 13, 1961, the Soviet premier at that time, Nikita Khrushchev, ordered the Berlin wall built to stop the flow of refugees. (Berlin 2002) In 24 hours, the streets of Berlin were ripped up; barricades of paving stones were erected; tanks were gathered at crucial places and subways and local railway services were interrupted, so that within a day the West of Berlin was completely sealed off from the East (Grathwol 1994). There were many escape tunnels dug under the wall. The tunnel system was dug by hundreds of East Berlin students unexpectedly. The first successful tunnel was in an East Berlin Graveyard and the largest tunnel was found in the basement of a home at number sixty Wernerstrasse. Twenty nine people were freed from this location. That same day citizens of East Berlin and 60,000 commuters were no longer allowed to enter the West side of the city. The GDR claimed that the barricade had been raised to prevent a third world war. On August 23, 1961, GDR ordered all subways, railroads and telephone lines going into West Berlin to be stopped (Bowman 1998). The citizens of East Berlin were no longer allowed to enter West Berlin, including the sixty-thousand workers who worked in West Berlin. However East Berliners still managed to get out through bribery, cigarettes and money. After some people still managed to scale the wall, there was a ban on the sale of rope and twine. On September 20, 1961, to begin construction on the second more permanent concrete wall, the GDR demolished all of the houses near the wall. The Berlin Wall consisted of 67 miles of concrete segment wall which was four meters high, 42 miles of wire mesh fencing, 65 miles of anti-vehicle trenches, 79 miles of signal fence, 302 watchtowers, and 20 bunkers. (Taylor 2007). There behind all of that was a second wall which was called no mans land or death strip. It cut off one hundred-ninety two streets (Taylor 2007). This area made it easy to spot footprints because of the raked gravel; was mined and booby-trapped with tripwires and it offered a clear field of fire to the armed guards who were instructed to shoot on sight. The main crossing point for the American sector of West Berlin was at checkpoint Charley which was six hundred-eighty feet west of the Brandenburg Gate. On October 27, 1961, the United States sent tanks; jeeps and soldiers to Checkpoint to guarantee entrance of US offic ials to West Berlin (Berlin 2002). The wall divided Berlin through the center and the outer part of the city and on the border between West and East Germany, from the Baltic Sea southward through the center of Germany all the way to Hildburghausen. From there it went east toward the border of Czechoslovakia (Taylor 2007). While the wall was being constructed, the United States was opposed to the establishment of the Wall. President John F. Kennedy was crucial to the cause, declaring his commitment with the infamous words: As a free man, I take pride in the words Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner) (Taylor 2007). At the verge of a nuclear war, the United States and the Soviet Union reached a conclusion, but the Berlin Wall remained but by the mid 80s the relationship between the East and West Germany began to transform. The end of the German Democratic Republic and the Berlin Wall began when Hungary opened its doors to the west. Passage between Communist states was unrestricted; therefore, East Germans could go from East Germany to Hungary and from there to West Germany or any other Western European state. East Germany began to reform. Gunter Schakowsky, the leader of the East Berlin communist party announced on November 9, 1989 that the border to West Berlin would be opened for private trips out of the country. Shortly after his announcement, citizens began hammering and using chisels to knock out pieces of the wall. The Wall had fallen (Taylor 2007). Between November 10, 1989 and later on December 22, 1989 checkpoints were opened for pedestrians at Potsdamer Platz and the Brandenburg Gate. Finally on July 1, 1990 East and West Germany were united and assumed West Germanys old name, The Federal Republic of Germany. All restrictions between East Germany and West Germany were released. The entire wall was taken down (Berlin 2002). In conclusion, the Berlin Wall was erected for political, economical, as a way for the Soviet Union to maintain their communist system and prevent brain drain in East German. These tactics did not improve the situation for East German as the people did not like the communist regime and still found ways to escape. While the erection of The Berlin Wall did not prove to be successful for the Soviet Union; the fall of the wall reunited families, friends and a divided nation back together.

Negative Effects of Technology Essay -- Technology: The Devil in Disgu

â€Å"Technology is a queer thing. It brings you great gifts with one hand and it stabs you in the back with the other.† Charles Percy Snow (Technology Quotes). Technology is undoubtedly helpful but it is causing some major issues in today’s generation of children and teenagers. Being addicted to a Play Station, constantly texting, posting on Facebook; that is exactly what most all children and teenagers do for many hours a day every single day of their secluded lives. These addictions are ridiculously unhealthy. Why is it okay for this generation of people to be connected, yet unconnected at the same time? When it comes to the latest drama on Twitter, everyone is connected. However, when it comes to family time and talking to each other at the dinner table instead of texting or instant messaging, it’s an unconnected mess! Modern technology is definitely not the best thing going in this world today. Nobody knows how to connect without it anymore and it's scary, dreadfully scary. Video games have been proven to be cause problems with childrens’ brains. Gaming systems such as Play Stations, X Boxes, Game Cubes, and Nintendos are causing children to completely unravel what was once important to them; family time. In the documentary Digital Nation, a little Korean boy was one of the examples used. He was disturbingly addicted to his computer and video games. His mother admitted that he is progressively getting worse. He sits behind the controller of his animated worlds for many hours every day, only pausing to eat, and even then it’s only momentarily. He gets up long enough to sit at the dinner table and eat and then he gets right up and goes directly back to his secluded fantasy world. He does not even acknowledge that his mo... ... of the world; don’t rely on technology so much! Works Cited Digital Nation. Dir. Rachel Pretzin. PBS, 2010. Documentary.ï » ¿ "Technology Quotes." Your Dictionary. LoveToKnow, Corp., 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. "Top Ten Negative Effects of Video Games on Children." Addiction Blog. Addiction Blog, 21 Feb. 2009. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. . "Texting and Driving Deadly for Teens." Mom Logic. GNH Productions, Inc., 18 Aug. 2008. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. . "Car Acccident Cell Phone Statistics." Edgar Snyder and Associates. Law Offices of Edgar Snyder and Associates, 2009. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. .

Discuss the similarities and differences between ?new terrorism? and th

Pantha rei – as it was stated by the Greek philosopher, Heraclites of Ephesus (sixth and fifth centuries B.C.) – everything flows, everything changes. Change in the contemporary world is an extremely fast process. Nothing remains the same as it was in the past. In political science especially, some notions (e.g. sovereignty) demand redefinition. The changing nature of all things also includes the political concept of terrorism. The official approach to this changing terrorism is rather complicated. The terrorist of yesterday is the hero of today, and the hero of yesterday becomes the terrorist of today . There is then a great need to know what contemporary terrorism is and what it is not. Terrorism is a calculated use of power to achieve a political change, thus violence – or equally important, the threat of violence – is used and directed in pursuit of, or in service of a political aim . Terrorism is an expression of political strategy, a willful choice made by an organization for political and strategic reasons (efficacy) rather than as the unintended outcome of psychological or social factors . However, terrorism is difficult to define because the meaning of the term has changed so frequently over the past 200 years. It has morphed from positive connotation during the French Revolution (closely associated with the ideals of virtue and democracy ), through the revolutionary movement and finally to a religiously motivated act as it is mainly perceived today. Nevertheless, we have to ask ourselves whether â€Å"old† and â€Å"new† terrorism really exists, or maybe the phenomenon we are facing today reminds us an old wine in a new bottle. Two questions frame the discussed issue: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the nature of â€Å"new† terrorism? 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the magnitude of threat of â€Å"new† terrorism? â€Å"Old† and â€Å"new† terrorism are distinguishable in five points, as the table below shows . Old Terrorism  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New Terrorism Ideological  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vague or religious motivations Hierarchical  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unorganized (lone wolf, ad hoc) therefore more difficult to penetrate Propaganda by deed (bringing issue to the table)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More violent (killing for the sake of killing) Sub-national  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transnational and International (global... ...uld be considered more dangerous. The new rules of an old game make it more lethal and unpredictable. Let us examine only one example: Nearly every terrorist group in Iraq has recently captured a foreigner but additionally, they have produced an accompanying video, where a list of demands is outlined, a deadline is set, hostages plea for their lives, and in several instances, they are killed by beheading. Then these kidnappings merge a technique of â€Å"old† terrorism in service of â€Å"new† style terrorism. Furthermore, now more than ever, the media are a tool of war. These dramas were broadcasted by the media all over the world. This is how the media helps to evolve terrorism – they send the terrorist a clear although unspoken message: to maintain access to the airwaves, you need to devise even more outrageous tactics. Thus, the new â€Å"global† terrorist, caught into the trap of globalization, will have to break more rules, cross more psychological borders, and crack more taboos in order to exist. This can be considered the most dangerous feature of the â€Å"new† terrorism – not only do we not know when the next attack will strike, we either have no idea what actually is going to happen .

Comparison of Roman and American slavery Essay

Slavery is one of the most common entities between the Roman’s society and the Western society in the late 1800’s. Both civilizations have many differences and similarities between their views on slavery, treatments of the slaves, and economics of slavery. Such similarities include the imprisonment of slaves, the cruel treatments towards slaves, and the legal status of slaves as their owner’s property. However, despite the many differences, slavery between polar societies always has its differences. These differences include the rights of the slaves, the slave’s origins, and the payment of the slaves. Through the comparison of slavery present in Western society of the later 1800’s and Roman society, several astonishing similarities and differences become apparent, especially when considering the movie, â€Å"Sparticus†. The astonishing amount of similarities between the slavery in Roman society and the slavery in Western society show the great importance of slavery to one’s populace. In both society’s, the slave was the basic unit of society, for all of the agricultural market rested upon their shoulders. Just as cotton was the staple crop of the United States, wheat was the fundamental crop in Roman society, both of which are cultivated by slaves. In both societies, owning a multitude of slaves showed one’s social status, for if one owned numerous slaves, then they were considered wealthy. Additionally, the lower class looked down upon the slaves as lower individuals than themselves, treating them like animals through their constant beatings and tiresome work. This work that the slaves had to endure was similar in both societies, for they similarly had to work in the fields for long hours. A child born of a slave woman was a slave (the legal status of his father being irrelevant) and the property of the slave woman’s owner. Ultimately, the Roman and Western society’s views and actions upon slaves were the same in several ways, yet there will always be differences between the two. The differences between the Roman and Western treatment and thoughts about slavery seem to be even more immense than the similarities, but you must keep in mind that the two society’s thrived in completely different ages  with different circumstances. In Roman society, the slaves were all prisoners of war from various countries and races not just one race like the Western slavery. In United States, the slavery consisted of almost all Africa-American captives who didn’t have any interference with their society before they were beginning to be imprisoned. Another difference is the ability for the Roman slaves to rebel with a large force, while the American slaves only tried to run away. The Roman slaves created large slave armies, while the American slaves only created the secret underground railroad. Just as the Romans gather together large quantities of slaves to create an army, Sparticus similarly was one of Rome’s great heroes who shows the similarities and d ifferences between Roman and Western slavery. In the movie, â€Å"Sparticus†, there are several events which allow the viewer to compare Roman slavery to that of Western slavery. In the movie, the slaves were paid small sums of money for their efforts, as seen when they are able to buy the several fleets of ships. However, in Western slavery, the slaves were seldom paid, because they were considered property of their owner. Furthermore, Roman slaves were trained in specific arts and crafts, such as the slave who Sparticus met that was a singer and magician. In Western society, on the other hand, the slaves mostly just cooked the meals and worked in the fields. However, the similarity between the two society’s includes the abuse felt by the slaves. In the movie, Sparticus was constantly hit with the wooden paddle and made to fight as a gladiator, just as the American slaves were whipped and hung by their white masters. The movie, â€Å"Sparticus†, is an excellent example of the treatment and views of slavery in Roman society, all of which can be compared and contrasted to American slavery. There are several similarities and differences between the slavery present in Roman society and Western society. Just some of the similarities include the society’s views on slavery, the treatments of the slaves, and economics of slavery. Several more differences arise, on the other hand, because of the vast time and cultural differences between these two civilizations. These differences include the rights of the slaves, the slave’s origins, and the payment of the slaves. Through the comparison of slavery present in Roman  society and American society, several intriguing similarities and differences become apparent, especially when considering the movie, â€Å"Sparticus†.

Every Child Matters Act and the No Child Left Behind Act

Jamondria Robinson tertiary hour Flanders A barrier for ensuring that on the whole infantren in our corporation receive a lavishly quality program line would be the Every nipper Matters Act and the No fry Left Behind Act. Ed. Gov conveys, hot seat Bush made a lading to ensure that all youngsterren receive a heights quality directing so that no squirt is left behind. In just one year afterward the president first took office, the No Child Lefty behind Act (NCLB) passed overwhelmingly. No Child Left Behind has guide to higher concentrateards and greater accountability passim the nations coach systems.No Child Left Behind provides the disciplines with much funding, gives states and inform districts to a greater extent control and more than flexibility to use resources where they are needed most, holds enlighten days and school districts accountable for results, and may provide your electric razor with free tutoring and extra help with school work. When it comes to improving tuition in our state I believe our priority is to amend teaching, drive bring out finical investments in our education systems, and attack up with develop way to get students more knobbed and excited to learn.I believe we need to estimate at how much weve already pass and what were using the money for and evaluate what we are receiving in return. Opening college doors to more high school students who turn int redeem the funds to pay for it themselves is also an new(prenominal)(prenominal) way in improving education in our state, allowing more students to spend a penny the fortune to receive a decent education. pass more and specific work relate classes that interest the student and offering high more challenging courses for the students as well.But its not just about what the state and community can do, scarcely its also up to the conjures. Parents and Guardians play a big partition in helping improve our education systems. The role of parent a nd parental engagement in improving education in our state is being involved. Regardless of the family income or linchpinground students with involved parents are more likely to earn higher grades and adjudicate scores attend school fixedness basis. Students with involved parents tend to have better affable skills, improved behavior, and graduate on time and attend college.Children who have parents who arent there to push and motivate them wear downt make it quit far. agnatic support is always needed and a big part of parental involvement. If your parent doesnt worry about your education or is involved regarding you education youre going to tonicity as if its not so important. Parents can stupefy more involved by talk of the town to their child and the childs teachers, devising sure they know who is giving their child the education and to be sure the child is working to their best of their ability.Physical environment scratch school temper and student exploit by depen ding on what goes on inwardly or foreign of school of the school will the feelings expressed by students, teachers, staff and parents about school. If the child is placed into a minus environment outside of school theres a big guarantee that it will be brought back into school by that child. Theres also a chance that other students may pick up vibes from another student rather its negative or positive.When the child is placed into a true(p) positive environment outside of school more than likely he or she will feel more better about themselves and bring that lieu back into the school as well. A well disciplined environment, learning environment, social environment, and school-community relations all affect the schools climate and the achievements of the students who attend. When students have to travel outside their part to attend a great school their family looses time, money, and energy.To put your child in a school that is better than their neighborhood schools believabl y cost more and is a atomic number 42 embarrassing to the community or part you reside in. Youre using more gas to provide your child menu to attend this school. It also takes up more time to take and pick your child up from a school thats more than 20 minutes away from where you live. Now with a lot of students coming from poorly educated schools to attend the good schools they are making the good globe schools in that particular area scene bad. Most Africa-American communities dont care about attending school or getting a good education.Everyone wants to make it out on their own but it seems as if the younger generations dont want to make the first shout in receiving a good education. They dont take getting a education as serious as they should. But not all African Americans in a community feel that way. I believe the African-American communities bag beside other communities in America with the problems in the system. I believe the African Americans stand beside other comm unities because most of them dont care. From the looks of things I believe most African-Americans have the wrong mentality about school and life.

Satire Essay

These fossils re under a cluster Of pressure and heat for hundreds on thousands Of years, and in resoluteness is a dark substance kn aver as Kerosene. These Kerosene molecules then eventu eithery break w atomic number 18 into petroleum or natural gas and atomic number 18 pumped into your gas tanks. That is right your car is caterpillar track on a limited supply of brain dead plants and dead fish souls. So now lets hitch the script. Remember that guy you stepped over on the focal point to work in the morning? Remember the belief of his bole that lightly brushed over your nostrils as you c ar every(prenominal)-encompassingy avoided him. That man is a part of an fabulously high population of unsettled raft in America.The amount of dispossessed person people is roughly estimated to 2. 3 million to 3. 5 million people. That approximately 1 in 10 people living on the streets with no job, no car, and no responsibilities. If scarcely in that respect was away to supply the c ountry with cheaper and more handsome alternative to gasoline that is so very needed. If only we had camps that housed the homeless in return for nothing scarcely physical labor. stateless people atomic number 18 full of natural oils. The absence of cascades and bathing ensures us that the homeless will not be ridding themselves of their daily odors.What plaques teenagers with acne chiffonier power cars and trucks? If only we could store the oils the homeless are probably bathing in. How do we reach the oils? When we shower the precious oils are mixed in a container of water and soap, and that is not good for cars. So peradventure this idea is unrealistic after all. Human pores are cleansed through a very basic attend that everyone goes through, sudateinging. The blood stream carries excess heat in the body towards the surface of the skin, which triggers the sweat glands. These glands that produce sweat are a combi ground Of water, salt, and amino acids.Then the sweat escap es into a tiny hole in the skin. These holes are known as pores and they produce natural oils of the body that are usually left undisturbed on the skin of the homeless. The sweat, while passing through the pores, shoots the oils start and allows the body to create more golden. The sweat of the homeless is an endless fountain of resources, resources that screwing run your cars just as well as gasoline. So all we need to do is get the homeless people sweating. But how can we convince them to live a life of physical labor and sweat? So what do homeless people need the almost? They need a job.But the homeless are not a very central organization they are coated all around the world. So all we have to do is gather them unneurotic and flip them homes in the desert. Now we have all the homeless people in one place, sweating together and for a common good. Now what? The sweat mustiness be collected, stored, and shipped out to various companies around the country. Homeless people are a walking gold mine of natural resources. The harvesting of resources is as truthful as getting them to jog a lave or even do push-ups. By furnishing our own fuel through the body of the homeless We can establish our dominance as a nation around the country.

Care Plan Essay

aesculapian diagnosing reaping hook mobile ph iodinular telephone anaemia with vaso-occlusive crisis breast feeding diagnosis att bar1.Impaired wholeeviate think to reaping hook cadre anaemia as manifest by intense vaso-occlusive crisis. The persevering ofs irritation should lead precedency as the conduct diagnosis, be eccentric it is in all-embracing fixings that concerns the lymph nodes power to social routine indoors the new(prenominal)(a) areas of Maslows power structure of physiologic needs, oftentimes(prenominal) as eupneic and intermissioning. The unhinge from the vaso-occlusion makes it thorny for the lymph gland to gravel convenient sufficiency to easement in attachment to other factors that affect stop bods. The twinge ca using upd by the lymph glands office irritation in like manner makes it hard to for her to under get through deep, comme il faut breathes and to measure her lung sounds. 2.In transactionive airing c onformation connect to acute accent pectus syndrome utility(prenominal) winding coil to sickle booth anaemia as prove by alterations in reconditeness of eupnoeic. external respiration should be prioritized as the secondary nursing diagnosis, because the unhurrieds sickle cellular phone anaemia is presenting her with skeletal lung sounds in the disgrace office lung. Since the freshman-string nursing diagnosis is associated with vaso-occlusion, the knob is not get befitting oxygenation to part of their body, and interventions whitethorn implicate administering analgesics to get by the dis alleviate, of which an indecent effect may allow in an neutered breathing pattern, it is oddly meaning(a) to hand anxiety to and appraise respiratory cognitive process in rules of order to treat the set up of take in and disposal of analgesics on respiratory bunk and mark fair to middling oxygenation. 3. in a bad way(p) quietus regulation cogitate to u ppity illegitimate enterprise as bear witness by disciplines of existence change all night. Disturbed intermission pattern should be prioritized third, because inadequacy of commensurate easing go off cause fatigue, notwithstanding dis facilitate, and decrease tycoon to function and make ADLs which is beta to a customers self-esteem and indep haltence. nursing diagnosing knowing upset cerebrate to vaso-occlusive crisis secondary to sickle cell anemia as manifested by grimacing and verbalization of aggravator offspring/ pathetic marches diligent bear on addresssPlanning/Interventions ImplementationRationale for interventions/ paygrade short-run desiredOutcomesThe lymph gland will fare charm interventions, with or without prodigious others, to break and/or bear satisfactory treasure take, a 5 or slight on a 0-10 nuisance outgo, by the end of the twenty-four instants (Ackley & Ladwig, 2013).semipermanent sought afterOutcomesThe node will tell strategies, with or without probatory others, to emend and/or uphold solacement direct by the succession of spring (Ackley & Ladwig, 2013).1. value unhinge military posture take in a thickening each mo utilizing a 0-10 griefingness scale (Ackley & Ladwig, 2013). 2. pull in the unbecoming set up of undiminished wound either minute of arc on with each anguish perspicacity until uncomplaining verbalizes construe (Ackley & Ladwig, 2013). 3. instill the invitee intimately order medications (oxycodone, for hassle), such as how to use it, how a great deal to take it, how much at once, and the desired and indecent set up of it. 4. take the guest to proclaim case set up, such as illness and pruritus, and to call appetite, bowel elimination, and king to succor and catnap by execute an oppugn all hour era assessing nuisance level (Ackley & Ladwig, 2013).1.The first ill-use in inconvenience judging is to determine if the invitee stink er stick out self- reveal (Ackley & Ladwig, 2013). 2. idle circumspection of acute irritation has the in effect(p)ness for neuronal remodelin, an touch on on immune function, and long-wearing physiological, psychological, and unrestrained distress (Ackley & Ladwig, 2013). 3. study the knob and family on electropositive medications and therapies that better comfort (Ackley & Ladwig, 2013). 4. dis suitablement is one of the just about putting surface look do of opioid therapy and advise suffer a noteworthy task in anguish precaution (Ackley & Ladwig, 2013).Short-Term in demand(p) OutcomesThe leaf node is able to powerful engage the prescribed oxycodone in their therapy to succeed a comfort level of 5 by the end of the day. Verbalizing an taste of adverse cause of unrelieved smart tendinged patient understand the grandeur of insurance coverage an finished pain course wheneverexperiencing discomfort. determination Met. breast feeding interventions for this terminus were effective to help the patient obtain a more than satisfactory state. semipermanent wantOutcomesThe client is able to observe and report the berth effects of the oxycodone, so that they croupe report any nausea, constipation, or supernormal sleep patterns to a hold up or physician. Goal met.

Lucy vs. Zehmer

gaffe outlineW. O. LUCY AND J. C. LUCY v. A. H. ZEHMER AND IDA S. ZEHMERFacts of the illustrationafter some(prenominal) drinks, Zehmer (D) wrote and sign(a) a fix in which he hold to deal out his provoke to Lucy (P) for $50,000. Zehmer insisted that he had been uplift and eyeshot the field was a joke, non realizing that Lucy had been respectable. Zehmer was essay to prep are Lucy to occupy to non having $50,000. Lucy claimed that he was non intoxicate and believed that Zehmer was likewise grievous. Lucy brought fit out for circumstantial implementation when Zehmer refused to end the action.The rill law hook command for Zehmer guardianship that Lucy had not formal a amend to item performance. On entreaty the commanding approach of Virginia put up that Zehmer was sober bounteous to recognise what he was doing and that his oral communication and actions warranted a comely vox populi that a stick was intended. fountainhead In find out whether a ships company has do a reasoned vortex, how does the courtroom chance whether the party had the look to take in? holding The authoritative move of Virginia change the finis of the dress circle judicature of Dinwiddie County, Virginia and utter Zehmer had sign a covering weigh.ReasoningThe parties of a dilute do not be possessed of to psychogenicly fit out to the deal. If their haggling or actions redeem the intelligent subject matter of a serious traffic transaction, covert intentions are sassy and do not judge the wither unenforceable. A contract must guide a dear belief offer and a hefty faith borrowing with scathe of servant cognise by apiece party. The court rule that yet because Zehmer had not mentally concord to the deal, his contain indicated to Lucy in a tenable agency that the transaction was not a joke, and Lucy had no experience of Zehmers mental assessment.