Why We Should Study Science

Why we should study science Science has brought many changes in the world today. It is used in all the corners of the world for the benefit of man. The motor-car or the electric lamp that we use today was not known to people who lived generations ago. Owing to the use of Science the people of today are able to do many things with ease and comfort. Travel  has become very easy. So men’s activity has increased greatly. Science has also been used to treat the sick and the sounded. As a result, people can now live a longer  life  than their ancestors could.Even the most serious diseases do not frighten people so much as they did before. Further, Science has made it possible for people to sit at home and see the world around. The television, the  newspaper  and color books help millions of people to learn at home. The radio too has done much to teach and inform people in all parts of the world. It is therefore necessary for us to learn Science, if we wish to enjoy greater comforts. Deal all! How are you today? I have some opinions to claim why we should learn science. First of all, if you have no knowledge, you don't have anything no job, no money and some more†¦ nd study not only in science but also in different area is the shortest way to gain knowledge. What if I'm a famous historical or writer and I have a good job, much money although I know nothing or few about math, physics or chemistry! OK, so do you have a computer or cell phone? How do you use it if you don't have some basic skill about computer or internet†¦ Who made those things and how can they make it? Of course they are engineers, experts, masters†¦ or at least they have enough science knowledge which they have to learn. Do you like computer? Do you want to make your our game or edit your photo, movie, music†¦You have to study some program languages or how to use some softwares. That's science, my friend. You still not agree! You dislike computer, you never use mob ile phone or telephone and you event don't use TV and radio. So what do you do when your wife tell you to install a new socket or fuse- learn basic electrical skill or tell your wife â€Å"I can't do it, ask your exboyfriend or someone else†. There are no electrical devices in your house+_+ where do you live^_^. What will happen when your children in grade school ask you to help them with their math, physic or chemical homework. That's

Rehab vs Retribution Essay

I negate the resolution which states: Resolved: Rehabilitation ought to be valued above retribution in the United States criminal justice system. The value for this round will be: justice, where everyone gets what they are due. In order to provide a criterion for which to judge the value, as well as a way to achieve my value, the value- criteria shall be: retribution, where the punishment of an individual is more often than not weighted by the gravity of the crime that they committed. This is not to say that the justice system is justified in putting our criminals through excruciating torture and interrogations in order to ensure that they never commit a crime out of fear. However, this means that retribution makes more sense than rehabilitation and thus should not be valued less than rehab. Note: By negating, I can say that retribution is just as valuable as rehab, just not less valuable? Contention One: The retribution system only serves criminals what they are due in return for th eir actions. A: Retribution is not the same as revenge. Background and context The criminal justice system comprises many distinct stages, including arrest, prosecution, trial, sentencing, and punishment (quite often in the form of imprisonment). As will become clear, it is in the last two of these many stages that the debate over rehabilitation and retribution is of special significance. It is a very serious mistake to think that the retributive ideal in the criminal justice system is about vengeance, retaliation or payback. Rather, it is an extremely sophisticated idea that often forms the basis of, and arguably is even the leading indication of, a developed sentencing system. The term ‘retribution’ is therefore unfortunate because its everyday meaning connotes ‘revenge’; it is better described as ‘desert’, ‘just deserts’ or ‘proportionality’ theory. The debate between rehabilitation and ‘retribution’ involves two broad questions: ideologically, which is the more satisfactory justif ication for punishment; and practically, which can serve as a more useful guide for sentences and other agents in the criminal justice system? B: RETRIBUTIVE IS NOT THE SAME AS REVENGE Pojman, 04: Louis P. Pojman, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at West Point Military Academy, in an essay titled â€Å"Why the Death Penalty is Morally Permissible,† from Adam Bedaus’ 2004 book titled Debating the Death Penalty: Should America Have Capital Punishment? The Experts on Both Sides Make Their Best Case, wrote: â€Å"People often confuse retribution with revenge†¦ Vengeance signifies inflicting harm on the offender out of anger because of what he has done. Retribution is the rationally supported theory that the criminal deserves a punishment fitting the gravity of his crime†¦ Retribution is not based on hatred for the criminal (though a feeling of vengeance may accompany the punishment). Retribution is the theory that the criminal deserves to be punished and deserves to be punished in proportion to the gravity of his or her crime, whether or not the victim or anyone else desires it. We may all deeply regret having to carry out the punishment, but consider it warranted. When a society fails to punish criminals in a way thought to be proportionate to the gravity of the crime, the danger arises that the public would take the law into its own hands, resulting in vigilante justice, lynch mobs, and private acts of retribution. The outcome is likely to be an anarchistic, insecure state of injustice.† http://deathpenalty.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=001004 When you are a little kid, your mother most likely put you in time-out when you did something wrong. We have been taught all our lives, then, that there is a consequence for every action, whether that action is moral or immoral, conformed to the guidelines of society or looked down upon by society. Teenage life and adult life is no different- people must be made aware of effects that what they do have on other people. Retribution is the answer. B: Retribution restores justice. RETRIBUTION REQUIRES ONLY THE RESTORATION OF JUSTICE Budziszewski, 04: J. Budziszewski, PhD, Professor of Government and Philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin, in an Aug./Sep. 2004 OrthodoxyToday.org article titled â€Å"Capital Punishment: The Case for Justice,† wrote: â€Å"Society is justly ordered when each person receives what is due to him. Crime disturbs this just order, for the criminal takes from people their lives, peace, liberties, and worldly goods in order to give himself undeserved benefits. Deserved punishment protects society morally by restoring this just order, making the wrongdoer pay a price equivalent to the harm he has done. This is retribution, not to be confused with revenge, which is guided by a different motive. In retribution the spur is the virtue of indignation, which answers injury with injury for public good†¦ Retribution is the primary purpose of just punishment as such. The reasons for saying so are threefold. First, just punishment is not something which might or might not requite evil; requital is simply what it is. Second, without just punishment evil cannot be requited. Third, just punishment requires no warrant beyond requiting evil, for the restoration of justice is good in itself†¦ For these reasons, rehabilitation, protection, and deterrence have a lesser status in punishment than retribution: they are secondary†¦Ã¢â‚¬  http://deathpenalty.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=001004 Contention Two: Retribution helps deter crime. Barton, 99: Empowerment and Retribution in Criminal and Restorative Justice, Professional Ethics, A Multidisciplinary Journal. Volume 7, Issue 3/4, Fall/Winter 1999, 28   Selected Papers from the 1999 Conference of the Australian Association for Professional and Applied Ethics, Charles Barton, Pages 111-135 Restorative justice critiques of the status quo in criminal justice often miss their mark because of the mistaken belief that current practice in criminal justice is essentially, or predominantly, retributive. What is being overlooked is that restorative justice responses often contain retributive and punitive elements themselves – and sometimes, such as in serious cases, necessarily so. (Barton 1999, Ch. 10) Therefore, blaming retribution, or even punitiveness, for the ills of the criminal justice system is largely beside the point. Punishment and retribution cannot be ruled out by any system of justice. By implication, a more plausible critique of the status quo is needed†¦ More generally, even if the threat of punishment is no longer a deterrent to a relatively small number of repeat offenders, that does not mean that the prospect of punishment, such as imprisonment, for instance, is not a deterrent to the majority of people who otherwise might be more tempted to break the law and violate the rights of others in pursuit of their own goals and interests. At best, the evidence on this point is inconclusive, but the phenomenon of sharp increases in mindless vandalism, looting, and violence by otherwise law abiding citizens when they feel that they can get away with it, should cause us to re-think the wisdom of rejecting punishment altogether. Contention Three: Victims must be taken into consideration; present and future If victims feel that justice has not been served, then self help will be sought out, putting more people in danger and increasing the overall crime rate. SELF HELP IS SOUGHT OUT WHEN â€Å"DESERVED† PUNISHMENT IS NOT ENACTED In Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976), the US Supreme Court in a 7 – 2 decision written by Justice Potter Stewart, JD, stated: Gregg v. Georgia, 1976: â€Å"The death penalty is said to serve two principal social purposes: retribution and deterrence of capital crimes by prospective offenders. In part, capital punishment is an expression of society’s moral outrage at particularly 66boffensive conduct. This function may be unappealing to many, but it is essential in an ordered society that asks its citizens to rely on legal processes, rather than self-help, to vindicate their wrongs†¦ The instinct for retribution is part of the nature of man, and channeling that instinct in the administration of criminal justice serves an important purpose in promoting the stability of a society governed by law. When people begin to believe that organized society is unwilling or unable to impose upon criminal offenders the punishment they ‘deserve,’ then there are sown the seeds of anarchy — of self-help, vigilante justice, and lynch law.† http://deathpenalty.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=001004 Although the general public is not in a position to determine the fate of every single incarcerated person there is in the U.S., their interests must still be taken into account when attackers and abusers are put in to prison.

Dear Parents

Dear parents, I know raising a child can be stressful all on its own. But you have a bigger issue than most parents, raising a deaf child. I bet you're wondering what should you do? Should you both learn how to sign, should the child grow up talking instead of signing. There are many big decisions for the two of you, but I am going to give you the pros and cons of the child growing of signing or talking. The pros of your child growing up talking are that you will be able to communicate clearly, as well as not learn another language. The cons of your child talking are that it will be harder for your child to communicate with you, a lot of time will be on the child's ability to lip read and pronounce vowels and letters the child can't hear. The pros of your child growing up signing are that they will communicate easily with people, they can still do just about everything a hearing person can do, and they will most likely be happier. The cons are that you will have to adjust your whole life to signing, and going out of your way to make sure your child is welcome, as well as try to be an interpreter, or hire one. I know this is a very difficult decision, but I think your child should be number one in your life, and that maybe your child being deaf isn't as bad as it seems, and maybe it's a blessing. I hope your life goes smoothly as possible and just want to point out that signing at a younger age will better help them sign later in life and can communicate to you as a toddler, if you choose to sign with your child. Good luck in life

Puritan thinking and eighteenth-century deist thinking Essay

Puritan thinking and eighteenth-century deist thinking - Essay Example The puritan philosophy emphasize on individual freedom and liberties of the common man (Vaughan, 1). The protests of the puritans against the influential power of the Pope exerted a spirit of liberty in other aspects besides theology. The demand for educated clergy brought about encouragement both in politics and intellectual life. Throughout history it has been suggested that the â€Å"Puritan concentration of attention upon the Bible had a remarkable educative effect on many minds† (Stimson, 323). The puritans believe that religion must have the ability to have both intellectual and emotional influence on people. Their demand for reasoning called for a higher intellectual life and activity (Stimson, 323). The most commonly known philosophy of the eighteenth-century deism is that it is God who created the world but thereafter He has not exercised any control over worldly events. In other words, a deist is someone who believes that there is a divine creator but at the same time rejects any divine intervention. According to deism philosophy, â€Å"human reason alone can give us everything we need to know to live a correct moral and religious life† (Craig, 853). There is however one group of deists who believe that God or the divine creator has a future world that stores rewards and punishments for human deeds in the current world. However, the other group rejects this philosophy. There is one common agreement between both groups that claim that only human reasoning can provide answers to questions of life and death, and there is no divine power to provide answer to religious questions that cannot be discovered by human reasoning. Deism emerged during the seventeenth and eighteent h centuries mostly in England, France and America (Craig, 853). Both puritans and deists believe in the God as creator of this world, but the difference lies in

Tourism Leakages Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism Leakages - Dissertation Example Bhattacharya (131) indicates that goods, which are provided internationally, leave the local community with a very small portion of the earnings. This problem affects mostly the developing countries. These leakages thus diminish the positive influences of tourism to a country (Bhattacharya 131). Countries that are developed benefit more than developing countries in tourism. This is because such countries lack industries to process goods that tourists need. UNEP indicates that a government ensures that the positive effects of tourism are maximized by reducing the tourism leakages. For this to happen, Governments, especially in the developing countries, should promote the ownership of tourism resources by the local communities. In most cases, the governments have favored the owners of the tourism resources by the private sectors or the foreigners. Consequently, a recognizable percentage of the tourism resources belong to the foreign investors. Therefore, the local communities benefit l ess from the tourism revenues due to the leakages of tourism profits. The ownership of large portions of tourism businesses in developing countries belongs to the foreigners (UNEP). This has resulted in a tourism agenda distorted in favor of external benefits. The result of the high leakage through repatriation of profits, employment for the foreign emigrant, importation of goods and services from foreign countries and the use of airlines that foreign countries own. The leakage in developed countries is not very high (Jones 65). The government should come up with strategies to promote the ownership of the tourism resources by the local community. The application models for agricultural development can be integrated into tourism development to enhance the local community ownership of the tourism resources. An example of the agricultural development model is the one, which, farmers engage in agricultural businesses by forming associations to manage important functions like marketing. Exploitation of land by foreigners should be discouraged because it is the local communities, which will suffer environmental degradation after the foreigners have left. There should be the emphasis on the strong connection between the local communities and the tourism industries to reduce leakages and to increase the benefits from tourism. Moreover, the increase of leakages is due to the high expenditure by the government to meet the high tourists’ demands. The governments use a lot of money to import goods to meet tourists’ demands. Apparently, the escalation of tourism expenses due to importations result in the reduction of profits leading to economic constraints. To reduce high importation, there should be the emphasis on the use of the locally produced goods to enhance increased output effects of tourism (UNEP). Tourism Policies Kenkel (2) indicates that tourism is a very important business internationally. It is one of the central sources of revenues particularly , in those countries that are still developing. However, the high demands of tourism have had undesirable effects on the local people and the environment. The growth of tourism has shown some serious adverse impacts.

Are online courses taught responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Are online courses taught responsibility - Essay Example One of the areas where it has exerted great changes is in education whereby, learning activity has changed from more interactive face-to-face learning to a less interactive online learning environment also referred to as e-learning (Sandel, 2007). This form of training is gaining popularity across the globe due to increasing use of internet and need to streamline the flow of information in all sectors of the economy. This has resulted to student’s reliance on computer from their own places of convenience as opposed to classroom culture where students interact with their teachers and their colleagues (Tait, 2003). However, this approach of teaching has raised concern of morality regarding the competence and fairness of online tutorials in fulfilling the essence of learning to the students. This system may still disadvantage some learners who may lack access to online tutorials due to high cost of connection and other materials (Howar, Schenk, & Discenza, 2004). This study will focus on different moral rules to assess the efficiency of online teaching to the distance learners. Education should contribute to equality of all students from various backgrounds by making it available and affordable to all. â€Å"Utilitarianism theory of ethics,† requires individuals to k\make their own decisions based on what they consider best for them (Sandel, 2007). Therefore, individuals can chose between online and classroom approach depending which method will satisfy their needs best. Electronic learning offers equality to many families as opposed to traditional methods of attending their studies in a classroom (Bates, 2005). This is because all students face equal treatment in case of online learning and is not biased compared to face-to-face learning where students attend different learning institutions based on their social status (Tait, 2003). However, this may turn out to be inaccessible by some students who cannot afford to pay for the services. Traditionally,

Fascist Regimes of Italy and Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fascist Regimes of Italy and Germany - Essay Example Contradictions to the ideology are liberalism, democracy, conservatism, individualism and capitalism and criticism against the state is forbidden. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini are two of the most infamous fascist leaders of the twentieth century, but did their leaderships also embrace totalitarianism Hitler and Mussolini were dictators; they governed without the consent of the people. A dictatorship is the foundation of the governing power and totalitarianism relates to the scope of the power of those who govern, most dictatorships tend to be totalitarian as if the power does not come directly from the people as it does in a democracy then the scope of power has no limits and therefore all aspects of life can be controlled. Fascism is juxtaposed with totalitarianism in this sense as the subordination of citizens advances the states interests of total control. Nazism and Fascism arose form right wing extremism and can be distinguished from left wing totalitarianism, namely communism in that right wing ideology seeks to enforce private ownership of wealth whilst left wing, namely communist totalitarianism seek to maintain collective ownership. Each strand is defined by social class. The ideology of fascism is mainly the working of the philosopher Giovanni Gentile. The emphasis was placed on the individuals need to become completely subordinate to the state. Under Hitler’s rule many characteristics of a totalitarian state can be shown, for example there was censorship of media, removing freedom of speech enabled the government to influence public opinion via propaganda which proved a highly effective methods of control. Nazis soon realized that mass media communication was of great importance and became aware of the Medias influence over the populous. The methods of communication available in the era were used as a means to convince the masses that Hitler had overwhelming support. This effectively constitutes a totalitarian leader. The manipulation of the masses brought about hysteria and a state of belief that through carefully planned and scripted radio, broadcasts rallies and publications persuaded the public that Hitler's idea of utopia was unavoidable. Secret police in the form of the Gestapo were in place to arrest so called enemies of the state and were removed from public life to concentration camps. Genocide was the most outrageous acts of his rule, Jews across Germany's territory were slaughtered on mass scales as they did not fit in to Hitler's Utopian ideal. White supremacy was at the forefront of his thinking and Nazism continues to exist in today's society. Nazism, Fascist ideology and policies espoused and practiced by Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist German Worker's Party from 1920-1945 were typical of totalitarian ideology. A Master Race to rule the world over other races was the ambition, and a violent hatred of Jews, whom Hitler blamed for all of the problems of Germany were on his agenda. Extreme nationalism was also demonstrative of totalitarian ideology. Hitler wanted to create a Master Race, uniting German speaking people into a great and singular

Sustainable marketing Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable marketing Report - Assignment Example The project also highlights about the green marketing process and the present issues which are faced by organisation about maintaining the ecological balance of the environment. Apart from this an organisation has been chosen to have an insight of their environmental policy and marketing mix strategy which they have undertaken. In this report Hewlett Packard or what is popularly known as HP is chosen to conduct the research. Table of Contents Part I: Theory 4 Introduction 4 Context and Rational 5 Principles and Values 5 Challenges in the 21st century 6 Towards Sustainable marketing 7 Framework 9 Evaluation of Sustainable marketing 10 Part II: Application 10 Industry analysis 11 Current approach and strategy 12 Present Issues 14 Evaluation of HP’s marketing mix 14 Summary 16 Reference 16 Part I: Theory Introduction Over the last few decades marketing topics have been very much dynamic and vibrant. Among them Sustainable marketing stood out as one of the most valuable and necess ary forms of marketing (Ottman, 2011, p.xi). Sustainable marketing is a process of marketing which aligns the inner organisation process and systematize the using up of resources which creates values for the stakeholders and also helps in enriching the natural and social environment. Sustainable marketing comes into action when an organisation understands that they operate with availability of limited resources and holds the responsibility of the future in preserving the natural resources. This process helps a firm in making continuous development of the social environment and restores the natural environment in which the organisation exists. It commits a firm in reducing the discharge of hazardous waste materials into the social and natural environment. Some of the examples that are generally undertaken by organisations in their operational exertion include creation of green plants, less use of virgin raw materials and more use of recycled materials. Apart from these they also try to achieve a sound waste management strategy (Basile, Hershauer & Mcnall, 2011, p.197-198). A lack of properly defined goal for organisational, environmental and societal environments creates a distraction in the achievement of successful sustainable marketing. Green marketing is a subset of sustainable marketing. Green marketing refers to everything from greening the product development process to the greening of advertisement campaigns. Greening of product and its development process is about using less finite resources and to look after fewer emissions of hazardous elements in the environment. Keeping all the factors in mind the last responsibility is to develop a green product. A green product can be stated as a product which can be recycled easily and does not degrades the environment. A green product can have many other qualities such as it saves water, able to reduce the green house effect, control on toxic elements, capacity to clean the indoor air. The final task comes in t he form of green marketing which involves usage of electronic media to promote the product rather than going for print media. The main objective is to look after less usage of paper. Some companies’ use taglines in their promotional campaigns such as ‘save paper’ ‘save electricity’. It has been observed that the companies which follows green marketing conducts their

Oflactory and Gustative Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oflactory and Gustative Marketing - Assignment Example Most marketing activities in hotels adopt a visual marketing since there is a deep connection between brands and customer involvement. Due to the increase in competition in businesses today, many marketers have employed the olfactory stimuli to capture the attention of buyers. Olfactory marketing makes the customers linger longer in retail surrounding, and this lures them to making impulse purchases. Scent marketing has become a fast emerging trend in marketing. The trend recognizes the need for companies to strive and reach their target customers through sight and sound. As Kimmel (2010) noted, difficulties faced by marketers in trying to reach the audience makes scent-related marketing understandable. The principle behind the olfactory branding is uniqueness and consistency (Dooley, 2012). Controlling the olfactory environment is there necessary since people tend to associate smells with products or the store. To support the olfactory marketing, companies should consider using olfactory packaging on their products. Olfactory packaging is way of packing products in a manner that appeal to the sense of smell (Kimme l, 2012). Many researchers have been trying to investigate the effect that the olfactory sign exert on clients and the approach behaviors they were exhibiting. The researchers observed that products in the scented store remained for a short period as compared to those in unscented store. Merchandise evaluations showed that the intention to purchase a backpack while no scent was present was only 2.29 while after the application of the scent the scale rose to 2.97. The researcher findings proved that odors and their many features have the capability of affecting a customer’s perception of services and products (Cherish & Oktavian, 2012). One can conclude by saying that adequate scent exploitation is of great importance in marketing and other business activities. Gustative

China - Literature Development, Confucianism and Revolutions Essay

China - Literature Development, Confucianism and Revolutions - Essay Example Additionally, the essay discusses the philosophy of Confucius herein referred as Confucianism and how it has influenced the lives of the people of China in reality to date. Finally, the paper provides an in-depth analysis of the 1911 – 1949 revolution as the revolution with the greatest impact on China socially, economically and politically. A brief summary conclusion shall be provided that summarizes the thoughts in this essay. Redness or red as it were was a term used to refer to certain attitudes that were political and ideological. They were prescribed by the doctrine of Maoist. The expert on the other hand usually juxtaposed with the reds was used to denote special skills or knowledge in science or technology. As such tension existed between the two groups in the twentieth century in China with the two terms used in juxtaposition to one another (Schoppa, pg.112). Therefore redness had to do with the political and ideological attitudes while experts were intellectuals in this period. As such during the twentieth century, the two sides conflicted with beliefs that the two were mutually exclusive and could not be combined. Strauss, (578 -580) explains: As the two sides differed in ideologies it became difficult for them to strike a balance between the two in China. Chinese literature was indeed very crucial for nation building having a very resilient traditional cultural legacy. Thus it defined Chinese nationalism. Therefore striking a balance between reds and experts became one great challenge for this nation. The nation then took to carry out education reforms from the 1950s onwards and Chinese literature entangled with the nation building. As such the nation’s culture was defined by its literature. In the wake of a movement called the new culture, Kaozheng (reds) method came to be first provided. This was in 1917. Through this, a novel was written in vernacular focusing on canonizing the literature of Chinese.

Discuss evolutionary explanations of intelligence Essay Example for Free

Discuss evolutionary explanations of intelligence Essay Intelligence has been considered a unique feature of human beings as it gives us the ability to devise elaborate strategies for solving problems. There are three key evolutionary explanations of intelligence, which are, foraging/ecological, social and sexual selection.  Foraging is when animals learn food preferences from others. This ability has clear survival advantages because the animal can learn from others rather than using trial and error process to identify which foods are harmful. The larger the range of food required, the larger the foraging area must be and the greater the requirement for more complex abilities. Many primates have to balance their diet by selective eating through successful hunting, which requires forethought, planning, cunning and the ability to coordinate the actions of a number of individuals. Finding food over a particular area may require a cognitive map (memorized spatial knowledge).Obtaining the food requires tool use and hunting techniques, which is another indication of intelligence in both human and non-human species. Visalberghi and Trinca (1987) did a study to look at the effects of tool use. Capuchin monkeys were given task of pushing peanut butter out of a tube. They found that the monkeys were quick at finding a suitable stick but tried out many unsuitable ones first. This suggests no understanding of causal relationships and that many animals develop the skill through trial and error rather than insight. Only the great apes show the sophisticated understanding of cause and effect so this supports the link between tool use and intelligence. The association between the growth of hunting and intelligence shows that more intelligent individuals are more intelligent than less intelligent. However many species with very successful hunting techniques are not very intelligent and therefore it is unlikely that the benefits of hunting would account for human levels of intelligence. The efficiency in foraging of a particular animal has been shown by various psychologists. Galef (1988) did a study in which a rat was allowed to eat food with a distinctive flavour, with cocoa or cinnamon. A test rat was then put in with the demonstrator for 30 minutes, but with no food present. This test rat then had to choose between cocoa-flavoured and cinnamon-flavoured food. It was found that the test rats preferred food of the same flavour as that eaten by the demonstrator. This was still the case 4 hours after the demonstrator had eaten and when 12 hours had elapsed before the test rat made its choice. Therefore it can be concluded that interacting with a rat after it has eaten creates a particular preference for that food. These results could be interpreted in a number of ways, in terms of the rats been neophobic, meaning unwilling to try anything new. The test rat could have picked up on the smell of the particular food on the breath of the demonstrator and will have been choosing between what was familiar and unfamiliar rather than been influenced directly by the demonstrator actually eating the food. However despite this Galef also found similar results even when the test rats were familiar with both cocoa and cinnamon flavoured food. The social theory says that interactions with other members of a social group present an intellectual challenge and primate intelligence has been evolved in response to this challenge. It has been suggested that intelligence is an evolutionary adaptation for solving social problems. The most intelligent species are the social animals, which are bees, parrots, dolphins, elephants, wolves, monkeys, etc. The group living could have set the stage for the evolution of intelligence in two ways; sociality which increases the value of having better information, because information is one commodity that that can be given away and kept at the same time. For example a more intelligent animal within a group has the benefit of knowledge and what it can get in exchange for the knowledge. Secondly group living itself has new cognitive challenges. Social animals send and receive signals to coordinate predation, defence, and foraging and sexual behaviour. They exchange favours, repay and enforce debts, punish cheaters and join coalitions. Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis came from various related hypotheses, which Bryne and Whiten (1988) brought together. This suggests that deceiving and detecting deception are the primary reason for the evolution of intelligence. Evidence supports this, as Bryne and Whiten (1992) have shown that there is a strong positive correlation between neocortex ratio and the prevalence of tactical deception in various primates and this implies that there is a clear relationship between social manipulation and intelligence.

Theories of Social Inequality Essay Example for Free

Theories of Social Inequality Essay Karl Marx’s theory to explain social inequality is based on the unequal division of resources between two groups: bourgeoisie and the proletariat, or the wealthy/business owners and the laborers. According to Marx, the bourgeoisie have the monetary power to gain economical resources, as they own the businesses where the proletariat must work to gain money to survive. The bourgeoisie maintains this position by paying the proletariat just enough to provide for his or her basic needs of survival. Marx states that the bourgeoisie create the social rules, cultural values and norms, and the proletariat goes along with it. This idea is the basis for what Marx calls, â€Å"false consciousness,† which is the idea that the† system† is working and there is no reason to change it because the proletariat hopes that one day he will become the bourgeoisie; this false hope is what keeps social inequality in a perpetual cycle. Marx believed that social inequality can be resolved through the abolishment of capitalism altogether. He suggested that this could be made possible if the proletariat would stand up and revolt, and rise up against capitalism by refusing to work and sell their very valuable labor, which the bourgeoisie needs in order to survive. Marx did not see social inequality as inevitable, unlike Max Weber. The basis for Weber’s theory can be found in Karl Marx’s theory, but takes it a step further and breaks the social structure up even more. According to Max Weber’s theory behind social inequality, there are three major components that play into creating an unequal division in society: social class, status in society, and political parties. Each group directly relates to one another, although they are not all the same thing. Weber contends that social classes are divided because of certain lifestyles or opportunities that are given to a person. If a person is born into a wealthy family, he or she is automatically provided with a lifestyle that will propel him or her into success through money and/or properties, which inevitably creates an opportunity for power. This demonstrates how money and power clearly shapes classes. Classes do not always make up communities though. Communities are shaped by social status, which is one thing that Weber is clear about. Social status is defined by the opportunity for a wealthy lifestyle. The main difference between status and class is that of the value system within each of the groups. Through a lifestyle that one lives, ideals and values are developed, which creates one’s political stance. Political parties are a direct reflection of the pattern that creates class and social status. They are all intermingled: class determines social status, which shapes ideals within a political party. Weber makes a strong argument that social stratification is inevitable or â€Å"guaranteed† because lifestyles (which you are born into) create status groups and once those are established, over a period of time, the people accept them as status quo. Once a standard of life is set, it is rarely moved. Karl Marx’ theory behind social inequality is most compelling. It explains that social inequality, which is detrimental to so many, can be resolved. His theory gives hope for resolution and even offers a plan of action to do so, yet there have been little done by those who feel like they are oppressed by the unjust division of resources to rise up and change the system which oppresses them. Marx’ theory is timeless and continues to speak to those issues which are seen in today’s society.

The Brand Positioning Of The Organization Marketing Essay

The Brand Positioning Of The Organization Marketing Essay Brand equity is the intangible asset that the consumer associates with a product. We can determine it through financial impact of the product, brand extensions and consumer attitude. Zara garments were not designed and manufactured to be highly durable or classic clothes that would always be in style. They are described as clothes to be worn ten times and yet they contributed more than 70% of the Inditex group sales. This is a vital statistic considering that Inditex group owns seven other fashion brands. With regards to brand extensions the Zara brand was successfully used to launch Zara Home in 2003. Zara Home was well received and has grown internationally to have a presence in 23 countries and 250 stores (Matassa, 2008). Additionally Zaras strong brand equity can be manifested through its consumers attitude. This is clearly shown by Zaras global average of 17 visits per customer per year compared to the three visits per year received by its competitors. That is an avowal of huge brand loyalty. Brand positioning refers to the targeted consumers preference to buy your brand instead of others. Zara has been able to carve out its own niche through cost leadership as the high-end fashion product at a reasonable price. If we compare Zaras prices to those of its major competitors such as Benetton, Gap and HM it is far cheaper yet as fashionable. Zara has been able to develop a sustainable competitive advantage through its shortened supply chain response that enables it to consistently move a design from conception through to production then into its distribution centers in as little as three weeks. This has largely contributed in setting Zaras service apart from its competitors. In fact, 75% of the merchandise in an average Zara store is changed over duration of three to four weeks. Zara customers are therefore aware that if they spot a garment they like, they have to go and purchase it on the spot because it might not be there on their next visit. Discuss the brand strategy of the organization From Zara we can identify the broad strategies applied to strengthen the brand being as follows: the marketing mix, its people, short lead times and scarce supply. However, that is not to say that the Zara brands success lay solely on the mentioned factors. The organization as a whole has been able to clearly-define its brand values and allowed them to permeate throughout the entire organization. Zara has a distinct ownership for management of the brand right from the top management level. This has meant that critical activities such as sales, operations, customer service, product development and others are made use of in supporting the whole organizations strategic management process (Kotler Armstrong, 2009). The marketing mix is represented by the traditional 4Ps: product, price, place and promotion. With regards to product, the Zara strategy has been to anticipate the latest fashion in apparel and to produce them before other competitors. Secondly, the garments are manufactured to be non-durable so as to prompt the consumer not to store them in their wardrobes but to wear them and to visit Zara shops frequently for replenishment. Thirdly, the company ensures that its stores have a wide variety of products because each store receives new products at least twice per week. Clothes that have low demand are quickly spotted, removed and replaced by new trendier designs such that customers are always spoilt for choice. This product appeal is increased by the lower price that Zara charges in comparison to competing brands such as Gap, Benetton and HM. Zara has been able to use its low cost leadership as a sustainable competitive advantage to strengthen its brand positioning. The company operates using a vertical supply chain which covers all phases of the fashion process from design to manufacture to logistics to distribution and finally to its own retail stores (Matassa, 2008). The price attribute of Zaras products is lowered here by the fact that the company can minimise its inventory costs through use of just-in-time manufacturing. Also, the fact that Zara owns 90% of its retail stores implies that it is able to make the 50-60% gross margins that retailers make. This increases profitability for the brand which helps to sustain the low prices offered. The other component of the marketing mix that Zara uses well within its brand strategy is place. Here we encounter two very key considerations, the location of its stores and the distribution system being utilised. Zara stores are deliberately located on the best-known streets in a selected citys prime retail district. This is to make the brand visible to as many of its targeted market as possible while lowering the need for traditional advertising. According to Schewe and Hiam (1998) place also covers aspects such as market coverage, logistics and distribution and service levels. Zara has a high-tech distribution system with distribution centers centrally located from its manufacturing plants. Different stores are also supplied with different products depending on their requirements and assessed demand. The efficiency of the distribution system is so high that along the entire Zara supply chain it is difficult to find inventory. Products flow quickly, and without stopping, from fact ories to distribution centers to stores, where they are put immediately on the sales floor. This distribution system is heavily reliant on Zaras effective communications and information technology infrastructure. When it comes to the final P of marketing, promotion we witness one of the biggest differences between Zara and its competitors. Zara spends approximately 0.3% of sales on advertising while its competitors spend on average 3 4% of sales on advertising. The company prefers its marketing promotion to be done by word of mouth and from the appeal of its stores. Word of mouth has proved to be more effective for Zara than advertising or using celebrities has been for its competitors. Zara stores are laid out to dazzle. The store racks, the window displays and store layout are designed and tested at the headquarters in La Coruna before being deployed to all stores. This is done every four to five years. To ensure consistency the team from La Coruna is the one that does the redesigning at all company-owned stores. This is meant to attract customers inside the stores, and once in to display the fabrics, colors and designs to the best effect. The company also has a stylish and modern website from where customers can view or download the latest Zara catalogue. Other factors that we had mentioned earlier that Zara utilizes to enhance its brand equity and positioning are its short lead times and scarce supply of apparel. Small and frequent shipments keep product inventories fresh and scarce thus compelling customers to frequent the store in search of whats new and to buy now because next time they come they will not find that item. This is one of the core reasons why globally Zara has an industry high average of 17 visits per customer per year compared to three visits per customer per year for its competitors. The short lead times for products from factory to store sales floor ensure that Zara is able to react quickly to fashion trends. This differs from the method preferred by its competitors. Most fashion brands prefer predicting fashion to reacting to fashion. Reacting to fashion trends is less likely to fail than predicting if one is able to deliver the products while the demand still exists. Zara has perfected this ability as evidenced by its new products failure rate of 1% which is much lower than the industry average of 10%. Finally, Zara empowers its staff and has established a strong brand culture e.g. decision-making is encouraged among its young designers and bad decisions are not severely punished; store managers, product managers and commercials work together to ensure that stores are supplied with the correct products and quantities etc. Seller-customer intimacy is also encouraged so that the store managers are made aware of the customer preferences and tastes which could be used in coming up with new products. Problem The major problem with Zaras brand strategy would be its persistence with a centralized distribution system especially when we consider that the brand is rapidly expanding across the globe. Though the company has an effective distribution system, this foray into new markets in Asia, Latin America and the United States is bound to add complexity and also increase cost if Zara insists on relying on its original hub in Spain. A centralized distribution system will not effectively cope with the rapid expansion and different needs of the new markets. It would probably be more prudent if Zara establishes new production and distribution centers in these far away markets such as the US, Asia and Latin America. Recommendations The first recommendation is as we have stated above, Zara will need to decentralize its distribution system to these new geographical markets. This will not only increase efficiency in delivery but also aid Zara in maintaining its competitive edge of short product lead times from design to manufacturing to retail sales. Secondly the existing distribution centers in Europe are being overwhelmed by the rapid increase of the number of stores being opened. To prevent these distribution centers from becoming bottlenecks, Zara will have to establish more distribution centers to cater for its expanding European market. Thirdly, a foray into the markets in Asia and America would have to be carefully considered because of the huge cultural differences, especially with regards to Asia. Income levels could be going up within Asia but that does not translate necessarily into a market for fashion.

Fairytales and Folktales Essay -- Literary Analysis, Charles Perrault

Fairytales and folktales have been told around the campfire, in the living room, the class room, and before bedtime for centuries. First told orally, the â€Å"†¦ stories had to have remarkable features in order to remain memorable (Nodelman 246).† These stories were passed down from storyteller to audience until they were eventually written down and collected for consumption by the public. Due to the passing of time and fallibility the stories have changed throughout the years and slightly differ from culture to culture, however, â€Å"Stories similar to â€Å"Cinderella† can be found in historical records from as far back as the seventh century, and from a variety of places around the world (Nodelman 246).† Although the classic tales differ in various ways from their modern counterparts (such as Disney films, etc.), the characters and their journeys are still very much identifiable. For centuries, fairytales have been used for instruction; to teach children what is expected of them as they age and what terrors behold them if they do not comply with the guidelines laid out for them by their culture/society. Many of the tales were purposely frightful in order to scare children away from strangers, dark corners, and traveling off the beaten path into the dark thicket. Charles Perrault first began writing fairy tales in the late 17th century to educate his children. The morals of those tales often center on what is expected of young women; that they should remain ‘pure’ and ‘docile’. He wrote the tales in a time period when fairytales or ‘jack’ tales were looked at as instructional lessons. They were also widely told around the fire, as entertainment, for adults. Angela Carter adapted Perrault’s classic tales in the 1970’s; changing the victim... ...the end of the 1960’s – the mid 1970’s) was a revolutionary time period for women. In America, The Civil Rights Act of 1964 protected women from workplace discrimination and Roe v. Wade, 1973, guaranteed a woman’s right to choose when to be pregnant. In England, for the first time, a law was passed guaranteeing equal pay to women in Britain’s civil service (Women’s International Center 1). Carter, herself, was a self proclaimed feminist; she once said, â€Å"The Woman’s Movement has been of immense importance to me personally, and I would regard myself as a feminist writer, because I’m a feminist in everything else and one can’t compartmentalize these things in one’s life (Gamble 15).† Her writing began to be viewed, and still is viewed as feminist literature adored by college students, especially those concentration in gender related studies, and the literati alike.

What Makes Islam, Islam? :: Islam

Religion can be viewed from many different perspectives. People throughout the world hold different religious values. One person’s religious value will not match the religious values of another person. Globalization as a whole has affected the way we view the different religions and our feelings towards them; it has moved towards a more symbolic representation of ideologies. Many have come to believe that the west is more superior to others. Martha Crenshaw argues that globalization is a key driver of terrorism because there is a comparison between countries having less access to means of production and others having more access. Furthermore, most religions go against each other’s beliefs and as for Islam; they have neglected the ideologies of the west. In order to understand how religious values are interconnected is through language games; we think in certain ways because of issues of power. There is a strong belief that Islam and politics are directly tied. They are tied in the sense that the building blocks of the religion dictate how they ought to behave in the political environment. Through this mandatory follow up behavior that the religion delineates, many have come to believe that its teachings are a form of terrorism. Mandaville argues that what has challenged the Islamic link between politics and religion was the emergence of secularism, which went against the belief that politics and religion could go together. Islam has been a religion that has been accused of supporting terrorist activities in the world. Different assumptions have been brought up to understand better the linkages between what really lies behind the Islam religion and politics. Peter Mandaville argues that Islam is dynamic and that it has changed over time; situated within time and politics. Through day-to-day knowledge of what is happening in the world there is observable evidence that Islamic followers have employed different techniques to proclaim ‘power’. The techniques being employed are basically inflicting pain in the opponent by methods of kidnapping, hijackings, and recruiting members (such as Al-Qaeda in the Middle East) in order to make them a more powerful and a more appealing group in their societies. According to Mandaville, Islam is directly linked to politics (they cannot be separated); Muslims wanted to challenge new technological innovations as well as new institutions without forgetting about their religious values. Mandaville proclaims an important aspect of the Islamic religion. During the Ottoman Empire many Muslims gained important power and began to interact with Europeans in order to move into a more modern system; but times have changed.

Essay on Internet Privacy - Carnivore, and the Power Of FBI Surveillanc

Carnivore: The Power Of FBI Surveillance      Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract:   This paper provides an analysis of the privacy issues associated with governmental Internet surveillance, with a focus on the recently disclosed FBI tool known as Carnivore. It concludes that, while some system of surveillance is necessary, more mechanisms to prevent abuse of privacy must exist.    Communication surveillance has been a controversial issue in the US since the 1920's, when the Supreme Court deemed unwarranted wiretaps legitimate in the case of Olmstead v United States. Since telephone wires ran over public grounds, and the property of Olmstead was not physically violated, the wiretap was upheld as lawful. However, the Supreme Court overturned this ruling in 1967 in the landmark case of Katz v United States. On the basis of the fourth amendment, the court established that individuals have the right to privacy of communication, and that wiretapping is unconstitutional unless it is authorized by a search warrant. [Bowyer, 142-143] Since then, the right to communication privacy has become accepted as an integral facet of the American deontological code of ethics. The FBI has made an at least perfunctory effort to respect the public's demand for Internet privacy with its new Internet surveillance system, Carnivore. However, the current implementation of Carnivore unne cessarily jeopardizes the privacy of innocent individuals.    There is considerable utilitarian value in extending privacy rights to the Internet. The fear that communication is being monitored by a third party inevitably leads to inefficiency, because individuals feel a need to find loopholes in the surveillance. For instance, if the public does not feel comfortable with communica... ... best way to establish this balance of power is by requiring the FBI to have the ISP's perform the searches themselves.          Works Cited Kevin W. Bowyer. "Ethics And Computing". IEEE Press, New York. 2001. (142-143).    Patrick Ross. News.com. http://news.cnet.com/news/0-1005-200-2713029.html September 2000    Patrick Riley. Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/national/071100/carnivore.sml July 11th, 2000    Donald M. Kerr. FBI. http://www.fbi.gov/pressrm/congress/congress00/kerr090600.htm September 6th, 2000    IITRI. http://www.usdoj.gov/jmd/publications/carnivore_draft_1.pdf November 17th, 2000.    Thomas C. Greene. The Register   http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/6/15591.html December 19th, 2000    Chris Oakes. Wired News. http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,37470,00.html July 12th, 2000

Sexuality at Different Life Stages

Sexuality at Different Life Stages Sexuality at Different Life Stages Through the different stages of our lives we experience sexuality in one way or another. In the stage of infancy we experience sexuality by the suckling our fingers to vaginal lubrication or erections. As we grow into older children we experience sexuality in the form of kissing and games such as doctor, or I will show you mine if you show me yours. In the case of Ana she is in the stage of adolescence. This is the stage when our body starts going through puberty and our sexual hormones are raging.This is also the time when we want the adults to be the most informative and answer questions that we may have without judgment. Ana is at the point in her life where she is at a fork in the road and is unsure of what she wants to do, and is feeling like she is being torn because of comments she is hearing from her mom. As much as her mom thinks that she is trying to keep her daughter. The next stage in life is adulthood. During adulthood there can be many different ways that one will experience sexuality.In the case of Tom and Susan they are both retired and although Susan is newly retired and has found interest in sex again Tom is not showing any interest. This could be a simple issue that could be taken care of with talking or even with medication. Then you can have the issue like in the case of Bill and being paralyzed which one may need to be informed of the possibilities into how he can be intimate with his partner. It is stated in Ana’s case that she is in the adolescent stage of her life and in love with her boyfriend who she has been dating for three years now.Her boyfriend is three years older and has putting pressure on her to have sex, and her mom is telling her that Ana’s boyfriend is going to take advantage of her because she is young. Ana needs to understand that what was right for her mother, or for her boyfriend may not be right for her. Ana needs to get away from the people that are in her ears and she needs to listen to what is in her heart. I do not believe in telling you Ana that I condone sex among adolescence, because I do not.Although I feel that the more informed you are about not only the possibilities that could happen from having sex, such as teen pregnancy and STD’s, the more you as an individual will be able to make an informed decision. When deciding to have sex with someone you need to stop and think about the reason you are having sex with this person. Is it because you want to or is it because you are feeling pressure from that person to have sex? You need to know what you morally believe in and be able to stand up for what you believe in.As far as your mother you need to let her know and to put her mind at ease that when you are ready to have sex with someone that you will make sure that you are having sex for all the right reasons and that you will be responsible about the decision you make. Keeping the line of communica tion open between you and your parents will help in being able to be informed about sex and the emotions that go along with it. A man can have sex with someone and not have it mean anything, but unfortunately for girls it is not the same.When a woman has sex with someone it is because she has strong feelings for that person and want to be together with that person and because she loves that person, and unfortunately that is not always the case for the person you decide to have a sexual relationship with. Tom and Susan you have both entered a stage in your life where you are at different stages sexually. Susan you are feeling sexual desire again in your stage of life whereas Tom may be at the stage where he is unsure that he may be able to perform.We all as individuals go through this in this stage of life because life takes a toll on us from our appearance being changed and looking older to maybe sexually things not working the way we want them to and this can play a big role in how we feel about ourselves mentally. As far as the way you look, all that matters is what your partner thinks of you and Tom thinks that your are more beautiful than the day he married you. As for you Tom being nervous about the possibility of things not working when you want them to can create a lot of unnecessary stress that could add to the problem of things not working.We can try one of two things, you can go home leave all your worries in my office and just enjoy each other and remind each other what you guys mean to one another, or we can look into prescribing something that will help you when you find yourselves wanting to be in that intimate moment. In the case of Bill he is at a point in his life that most adults if they are lucky will never have to go through and that is being able to be intimate with someone when you are paralyzed from the waist down. With a situation like this you as the individual going through the problem needs to know and understand the extent of your i njury.Knowing the extent of the injury would be able to let you know if you were able to achieve an erection or not. With everything that goes on between couples normally this is one more thing that can and will cause stress. There are many ways that you and your mate can find pleasure from each other you just need to be willing to think outside of the box. We as individuals go through so much as we grow and mature, that we often complicate the simple things in life instead of taking things in stride. In the cases that we went through we discussed many different ideas that can either be complicating a relationship, or making it better.

Aboriginal Health in Canada: Historical, Cultural, and Epidemiological Perspectives Essay

The Canadian native aboriginals are the original indigenous settlers of North Canada in Canada. They are made up of the Inuit, Metis and the First nation. Through archeological evidence old crow flats seem to the earliest known settlement sites for the aboriginals. Other archeological evidence reveals the following characteristics of the Aboriginal culture: ceremonial architecture, permanent settlement, agriculture and complex social hierarchy. A number of treaties and laws have been enacted amongst the First nation and European immigrants throughout Canada. For instance the Aboriginal self-government right was a step to assimilate them in Canadian society. This allows for a chance to manage cultural, historical, economic, political and healthcare of the indigenous people communitiesCITATION Asc11 p 21 l 1033 ( Asch 21). The aboriginal people of Canada make up 4.3 percent of the total country population. This population is evenly spread amongst recognized 700 first nation bands that have divergent language and culture. The aboriginal population plays a great role in upholding Canada’s cultural heritage. History of Assimilation The history of assimilation of the Canadian Aboriginals trace back to the 18th century when Canada was still under the French rule. The call then was the urge to the Aboriginals to get assimilated into the Canadian culture. The attempts for assimilation climaxed in the early 20th Century that led to the eventual integration of the Aboriginals into the Canadian culture. It is believed that Canada was in violation of the human rights when they forced the aboriginals to get assimilated into a Eurocentric society. â€Å"There were instances of children being forced from homes into Christian schools. CITATION Asc11 p 22 l 1033 ( Asch 22)† This was violation of human rights. Different laws like the Indian Act and other treaties played an outstanding role in shaping Aboriginal relationship in Canada. The Indian Act led to a huge conflict of interest following its effect on the Indians living in Canada during its implementation. The Indian Act was a mechanism that strengthened the eviction of Indians ad also a means of displacing Indians from their tribal lands. On the onset of the 19th Century, land hungry Canadian settlers clustered in the coastal south of Canada and slowly moved into the neighboring statesCITATION Ngu11 p 238 l 1033 (Nguyen 238). Since most of the tribes occupying that area were the Indians, the Canadian settlers petitioned the Canadian government to remove them as they perceived them as an obstacle to expansion towards the west. The rationale for the Indian Act was that the southeast Indian tribes had no attachment to any particular land. However, this rationale ignored the fact the Indian tribes had vast crops of corn and lived in set tlements. Those who benefited from the Indian Act are the Canadian settlers who had immense hunger for Indian land. The Canadian Settler lured the Indian tribes into signing the treaty by guaranteeing them peace and integrity within the Indian territories. They primarily assured them that their lucrative fur trade would continue without any interruption. This in return improved Canada economy as it gave Canadian settlers access to southern lams that were rich in cotton. In addition, it also boosted Canada and global economy as it accelerated the industrial revolution. Canada was able to pay back its debts to its global partners through the improved efficiencies in cotton production and transportation for the large country. In general, Canadian citizens gained through improved living conditionsCITATION Not94 p 78 l 1033 (Notzke 78). There were many problems with the Indian Act. The treaty had many flaws and was based on indigenous foundations. Consequently, as the aboriginals lost their land, so did Canada lose its native culture? There was a substantial increase in slavery due to increased crop production and introduction of slave states occupied by aboriginals. The Act allowed the government to control most aspects of Native American life: resources, land, band administration and education. This treaty was based on the argument that Indians were stereotypes, barbaric, hostile and wandering people. The Act was a tragedy that caused thousands of aboriginals to leave behind their homes, crops and livestock and homes that had spiritual significance to them. This act spelt the end of aboriginal rights to live in Canada under their own traditional laws. The aboriginals were forced to concede and assimilate the law of Canada or leave their native lands. Forced to move out of their homelands, the aboriginals ended up in Oklahoma. Any attempts by the Indians to file for petitions turned futile as none of the courts ruled in their favor. The Government sent troops to force them out without giving them a chance to gather their belongings. The Canadian settlers tricked the Native Americans out of their land with false promises that they would live on their land in exchange for protected ownership of the remaining landCITATION Asc11 p 43 l 1033 ( Asch 43). Aboriginal Issues The forcefully introduction of the Western culture to the aboriginal people led to a cycle of physical, social and economic destruction of these people. Some of these issues include poverty and spiritual destruction as seen in modern day. The root cause of poverty amongst the Aboriginals started in as soon as they were relocated from their native land. The distribution of wealth among individuals in the world clearly shows the looming inequality with some people at the top of the income economy structure while some at the bottom. This translates into poor health, poverty, low levels of education, starvation and reduced levels of life expectancies. As soon as they left the reserves for the urban centers the aboriginal people were met with a new type of discrimination of racism that alienated them further hence condemning them to poverty levelsCITATION Fri02 p 29 l 1033 (Friesen and Friesen 29). â€Å"Statistical evidence show that half of the Aboriginal populis in Canada live below p overty†CITATION You06 p 83 l 1033 ( Young, Herring and Waldram 83). However there have been tremendous efforts by the Canadian public who have offered help to the growing Aboriginal people through initiatives that are meant to remove them from poverty Healthcare The arrival of the European settlers into Canada brought several foreign diseases that had a devastating effect on the Aboriginal people. Due the traditional society setting of the Aboriginal people healthcare was left for those who were felt to be deserving the chance the White settlers. The aboriginal medicine was way inferior to the newly developed medicine. With the growing racism in Canada the aboriginals lacked access to the requisite health that they needed. Federal and jurisdictional disputes have denied the Aboriginal people the necessary access to health care. There have been several reported incidences of infectious diseases that spread fast amongst the Aboriginal people. Employment The white settlement into the native’s lands resulted in the Aboriginals having a feeling of distrust and hate towards the white settlers. The white settlers on the other hand treated the Aboriginals with some kind of distrust and loathe and hence could not trust them with job opportunities. This resulted in an increased rate of unemployment amongst the Aboriginals. The increasing case of poor health was also contributory to the unemployment levels of Aboriginals. â€Å"From a 2001 Canadian statistic record, it revealed that the chances of Aboriginal youth getting employment opportunities was twice low in comparison to other Canadian youths†CITATION You06 p 173 l 1033 ( Young, Herring and Waldram 173). This highlights the plight of the aboriginal youths as regards to availability of employment opportunities for them. Community Problems Lack of Awareness on the disease and its effects on the lives of Aboriginals are the leading causes of the high rate of disease amongst Aboriginals. As a result of this, there have been numerous large scale campaigns raising awareness on this. The Canadian government’s vision is to discuss healthcare countrywide through the media. The lack of trust of the system and how it works is also contributory to woes the aboriginal people face. They do not trust the judicial system and the employment sector this leads to them falling as victims of the system. The distribution of wealth among individuals in the world clearly shows the looming inequality with some people at the top of the income economy structure while some at the bottomCITATION Ngu11 p 230 l 1033 (Nguyen 230). This translates into poor health, poverty, low levels of education, starvation and reduced levels of life expectancies. As soon as they left the reserves for the urban centers the aboriginal people were met with a new type of discrimination of racism that alienated them further hence condemning them to poverty levels. Conclusion It is critical for the Canadian government to step up its efforts in an endeavor of saving the aboriginal communities from extinction. Given their rich cultural background they could contribute positively to the economy in form of tourism. References Asch, Michael. Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada. UBC Press, 2011. Young, T Kue, Ann Herring and James Burgess Waldram. Aboriginal Health in Canada: Historical, Cultural, and Epidemiological Perspectives. University of Toronto Press, 2006 . Cook, Eung-Do and Darin Flynn. â€Å"Aboriginal Languages in Canada.† Contemporary Linguistic Analysis (2008): 318-333. Friesen, Virginia and John W Friesen. Aboriginal Education in Canada: A Plea for Integration. Brush Education, 2002. Nguyen , Mai. â€Å"Closing the Education Gap: A Case for Aboriginal Early Childhood Education in Canada, A Look at the Aboriginal Headstart Program.† CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION (2011): 229-248. Notzke, Claudia. Aboriginal Peoples and Natural Resources in Canada. Captus Press, 1994. Source document

Drivers of Globalization Essay

Having listened to distinguished luminaries such as Prof Ishwar Dayal there is hardly very much I can add or contribute to the discourse initiated this morning. But as a student of economics I know that I should stick to my comparative advantage. What I therefore propose to do this afternoon is to spell out what I consider are the main Drivers of Globalization . I would then argue that unless we understand those Drivers of Globalization we cannot have a picture of what the firms or business— individually and collectively —are going to look like in the future. Having done that , we delve into the realm of the changes in the the state of the firm which will emerge in the light of this globalization. We should then discuss as to what will be the challenges facing the management of firms in this globalized economy. Once we have grappled with these configurations we should be in a better position to sketch out the contours of management Education required in the future globa lized world. This is the analytical framework I propose for our discussion this afternoon. It is not very meaningful to start the conversation about Management Education without reference to the management challenges that the firms and businesses operating in the globalized economy would be faced with in the future. Management Education then responds to those needs and requirements and equips its graduates in meeting those challenges . I will start the ball rolling by dwelling upon the Drivers of Globalization. I would submit that there are many competing theories and several hypotheses about the shape and form of globalization. There is no consensus at intellectual level about the impact of globalization. Some consider it as an evil that will create more misery for the weaker nations, fragile states and disadvantaged populations as well endowed nations, strong economies and large populous states pre-empt most of the benefits for themselves. Others feel that the dissipation of boundaries, dismantling of barriers and disappearances of borders would spread these benefits to majority of the people in all parts of the world. But at least one thing is quite obvious. We would face a lot of uncertainty during the course of coming decades. The recent financial crisis we witnessed in 2008-2009 has taken all of us by surprise. There were hardly any tremors felt before the financial tsunami engulfed all of us in its spate. Nobody had predicted the speed, intensity and extent of damage that came along with this crisis. So what is certain is that the world is going to be saddled with uncertainty, with unknowns, with imponderables, with unanticipated events which despite our best ability and foresight we are not able to predict. Its going to be a messy world, it is going to be a totally uncertain world and therefore the kind of firm which would survive under those circumstances would be one which is agile, nimble and quick in its response to the ever changing dynamic situation of the globe . The quest for fixed points, base lines, benchmarks and milestones would prove to be futile. Management Education should produce managers who are able to think on their feet and are able to exercise critical analytical ability to solve problem in face of incomplete information . Those who remain wedded to the practice of drawing conclusions about the future from their past experiences are most likely to get it wrong. In my view as I see it today there are at least 6 Drivers of Globalization . I do not rule out the possibility that all of us can have our own set of Drivers of Globalization . But at least these are the Drivers of Globalization which I see as formidable in today’ s world but they may change tomorrow or we may subtract or add to this list. 1. The first and the most important- there is a huge Demographic Transition which has already started but is going to intensify in the next four or five decades. . Most of the European countries , Japan and United States are going to have a higher proportion of aged population compared to the younger population and the Dependency ratio will rise. These countries will face labor shortages if they do not allow immigration into their countries. China is going to enter that phase a little later which is 2050 onwards. The only region where the proportion of the younger population is actually rising and will continue to have an upward trend is the South Asia region. This is something which the policy makers in this region have to take cognizance of and prepare their respective national labour forces for taking over as work force of the globe. The more skilled our labor force is , the better off we will be in capturing a large share in the Global job market. So this demographic transition c an become a huge premium, a plus, a potential for higher economic development for South Asia Region. And if we put our act together today then the chances for this generation of younger students present at the conference will be much brighter than it was for our generation or our parents in South Asia. So, this is clearly a positive factor, but this can also turn into a night mare, a bleak scenario . The sheer thought of seven million new jobs to be created in India annually to absorb the new entrants to the labor force is simply overwhelming. This poses a tremendous challenge for the policy makers and the businesses. So, if we do it wrong that is if we produce wrong kind of manpower— ill equipped or unskilled or poorly trained , uneducated and illiterate —then we are going to face rising unemployment, high inequalities and a social upheaval. The choice clearly rests with us but more important is the urgency of action . 2. Second there is an explicit and projected shift in balance of economic power. If we look at all the projections it shows that China is going to overtake United States. It has already overtaken Japan to become the second largest economy in the world. When will this happen? Some people say, 2025, some others put it 2020 or anywhere in between China will become the world’s largest single economy. China is already world’s largest single exporting nation .Most scholars and analysts have termed the 21st century as Asian Century and so the balance of economic power is going to migrate from Japan, Europe and the United States towards Asia and the model which is actually helping the Asian countries is the intra regional trade. In place of the traditional production processes we are witnessing a new phenomenon of value chain . It starts with the components, raw material and parts coming from different parts of Asia on the basis of their quality and competitive pricing and ending up in China in form of final assembled goods. So although it is true that the origin of the good is recorded as from China there are many countries which are the beneficiaries and within these countries a growing number of firms which are participating in this process . So, vertical Integration is no longer a viable business model as far production is concerned. On the other side , India is becoming the centre not only for IT Services but if we look in the last few years we can see R&D centers in Pharmaceutical Industry, financial services industry locating in India because of the kind of trained manpower which is available here. It is efficient, is high quality, but is cheaper. Those are the advantages that are making India the preferred location for Services industry.. So the goods are being manufactured in the world’s factory which is China and the services are coming more and more in the lap of India. These two are going to emerge as the economic powers in the next thirty to forty years at the expense of other OECD countries or the developed countries . The growth rate in most developed countries is hardly averaging 2 to 3% per annum while in addition to China, India, countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand are all growing in the range of 7 to 10 %. So the differential growth rate is going to make a difference as far as the shift in the economic power is concerned. 3. The third driver is the speed of technology dissemination and assimilation . It is so rapid that it does not really bind itself to any particular geographical boundaries or territory. It is pan global. The internet , the software applications, the rising connectivity , the spread of mobile phones in developing countries and more user friendly technologies like the search engines have enabled us to access , assimilate and apply new knowledge and techniques without leaving our shores and incurring any additional expenses. Knowledge is a public good with a characteristic that the more it is utilized the better off the society is. World Wide Web and Search engines have allowed us to tap into data bases such as Google Scholars and we can find out all the scholarly academic knowledge about a particular sub-discipline of a larger discipline. Technological tools have allowed knowledge to be at the finger tips of both the students and the teachers as well as the practitioners in all parts of the world and the speed of diffusion is going to be further accelerated. The talk about Digital Divide is passà ©. Therefore, the differential among nations and among countries based on comparative advantage in technology is likely to disappear, and there will be a seamless boundary as far as spread of technology is concerned. And those countries which are able to take advantage of these seamless boundaries would be able to do much better than other countries. 4. Related to this is the fourth point i.e. the explosion in information. Younger students who are studying business administration would find that five years from now all that they have learned in their classes, books, reading materials would be outdated. The obsolescence of human knowledge is now going to be as strong as obsolescence of machinery. The machinery-we can lubricate it, we can replace a part, we can change certain processes and make it functional, we can upgrade the machinery. But the up-gradation of human minds requires very complex dynamics. And the human being himself has to be in the driving seat. If the human being, himself or herself is not interested in continuous learning, lifelong education and up-gradation of knowledge the chances are that individual is going to be obsolete and unemployable and that will be a deadweight loss as far as the economy is concerned. And now, how do we incentivize, motivate these individuals to invest in the lifelong continuous learning is a major issue that all of us have to come to grips with. Assessing quality of initial degree and education for purpose of recruitment to the labor force will no longer be the principal preoccupation for HR professionals but recharging the intellectual batteries of their employees over life cycle of professional career will be . It will not be so easy, it is a very complex phenomenon , and extremely difficult to operationalize. We know how to fix a machine even the most sophisticated ones. With human beings, it is next to impossible to fix human mind sets the same way. So this challenge of information explosion and its sifting and transfer to the human minds for the benefit of the firm or the enterprise is going to face us starkly in the future. 5. Fifth, the world is becoming quite conscious of social and environmental values. The headquarters of world’s largest fast moving consumer goods industry Unilever, was besieged by Green Peace volunteers. The reason — Unilever was buying its palm oil from Indonesia, where they had carried out deforestation in order to plant oil palm. This created a huge hue and cry worldwide and Unilever had to pledge itself that it would no longer purchase any supplies originating from deforested areas. It also subscribed to the campaign against deforestation. There are other examples where Nike was stopped to pull out of a country because the shoes were being fabricated by child labor. So the values of environmental sustainability and social responsibility are going to emerge in a globalized economy much sharper. Narmada Dam movement in India was precursor for a new thinking about human resettlement. At that time the forces of globalization were not as strong as today but the awareness which was created by the civil society of India reverberated throughout the world. A powerful institution like the World Bank had to abandon the financing of Narmada Dam, because of the issues of resettlement and displacement of human beings agitated and brought in forefront by the Civil society organizations . Imagine, if there was even a proposal for a dam much smaller than Narmada Dam today how quickly the world community would actually react. Therefore, the adoption of ethical, social and environmental values will have to be integrated to make a more viable business model . Simply, maximizing short term profit maximization for shareholders would no longer be acceptable. Environmental sustainability and Social responsibility have also to be taken into account not just profitability. So this is something whic h we have to integrate in our thinking in the business schools and in the state of the firms. 6. And finally we have seen immense financial integration. We have seen consequence of financial integration in form of 2008-2009 crisis. Even countries like India, Pakistan and China which are not so strongly linked with international financial system , had pursued cautious liberalization and kept Capital Account not totally open were hit by the contagion effect of the crisis which originated in the US. . China and India recovered quite quickly because their economies are quiet resilient. But the fact remains the cost both on the real economy, as well as the human cost of social sufferings are going to be quite large because of financial markets not behaving in some parts of the world. And look at what is happening today. US Fed Reserve is following a very loose monetary policy –Quantitative easing (QE) –and who is suffering as a result of this policy? Countries such as Brazil and India are faced with capital inflows. If they don’t sterilize these capital flows, then they are faced with competitiveness issue. If they sterilize them they have an expansion in money supply causing an inflationary pressure on the economy. So emerging economies with sound economic management are in worst of both the worlds. Therefore how to handle the financial integration and financial markets will require a lot of ingenuity on the part of national economic managers. Let me conclude by submitting that any scenario analysis, which we do, has to take into account the fact that the world ahead is going to be more uncertain. There will be lot of unintended consequences of policies not made in the country but originating from outside the country. Our capacity to react at the national level to global events , the firms’ capacity to respond and the managers’ ability to handle are likely to be the critical success factors. That is what we should be educating our younger management graduates in the future.

A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson Essay

On June 20, 1675, Metacomet, also known as Philip by the early American colonist, led a series of attacks on colonial settlements that lasted for more than a year. These attacks became known as â€Å"King Philips War.† It was a desperate attempt by the Natives to retain their land as their culture and resources dwindled before them. Mary Rowlandson, a famous victim of these Indian attacks, recounts her eleven-week captivity in her published book, A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. The book describes her experience as a captive of the Wampanoags in great detail, and combines high adventure, heroism, and exemplary piety, which made it a popular piece in the seventeenth century. Throughout the narrative Mary Rowlandson portrays her skills as a writer with the delineation of her character. In her captivity, Mary Rowland realizes that life is short and nothing is certain. The common theme of uncertainty teaches Rowlandson that she can take nothing for grated. In a single day the seeming stability of life disappears without warning as portrayed in the opening scene when the town of Lancaster is burned down and she is separated from her two elder children. Rowlandson transitions from a wife of a wealthy minister with three children to a captive prisoner with a single wounded daughter in one day. Another instance of uncertainty is between The Twelfth Remove, where she is approved by her master to be sold to her husband, but the next day in The Thirteenth Remove she writes, â€Å"instead of going toward the Bay, which was that I desired, I must go with them five or six miles down the river into the mighty thicket of brush; where we abode almost a fortnight (271).† In addition to the uncertainty nothing in her captivity was consistent either. One day the Indians treat her respectfully, while the next day they give her no food. This inconsistency can be seen between The Eighth Remove and The Ninth Remove. In The Eighth Remove, Rowlandson is asked to make various garments in return for a shilling and different types  foods; however, in The Ninth Remove, Rowland was asked to make a shirt, but receives nothing in return (267-268). The inconsistency stems from the uncertain future, which plants fear in Rowlandson’s character. The only light she can see in her dark captivity is the light of her God. As a Puritan, Rowlandson believes that God’s will shapes the events in her life, and that each event serves a purpose. The common Puritan belief that humans have no choice, but to accept God’s will and make sense of it is portrayed throughout her narrative. This belief in God produces values of fortitude and determination Rowlandson uses to survive the eleven-week captivity. This is can be seen in The Second Remove as she is about to collapse from fatigue and injury, â€Å"but the Lord renewed my strength still, and carried me along, that I might see more of his power (260).† Rowlandson often creates parallels between her own situation and biblical verses about the Israelites because the Puritans thought they were the descendants of the Israelites in the new world. This is portrayed in the closing scene when Rowlandson is reunited with her family and she quotes Moses speaking to the Israelites, †stand still and see the salvation of the Lord (288).† Moses said this to the Israelites at their arrival to the promise land after forty days of wandering in the desert. Rowlandson compares her captivity to the forty days in the desert, and her reunion with her family to the arrival at the promise land. In Rowlandson’s captivity, her perspective of the Native Indians evolves from savagery to aspects of civility. The more time she spent with the Natives the more relations she made with them that culminate into respect and appreciation for their culture. Initially Rowlandson considered the Natives â€Å"barbarous creatures† who â€Å"made the place a lively resemblance of hell† after the burning of Lancaster (259). As a result she speculates the Natives as violent savages. She was also disgusted with the various foods they ate such as ground nuts, tree bark, and horse liver; nevertheless, after three weeks of starvation she acquired a taste for the irregular foods. This is depicted in The Fifth Remove, â€Å"but the third week†¦ I could starve and die before I could eat such things, yet they were sweet and savory to my taste (265).† This expresses a minor change of heart Rowlandson  has for the Natives as she finds herself eating the same foods and enjoying them. In addition to the acquired taste of the Native foods, more similarities become apparent such as â€Å"praying Indians† who claim to have converted to Christianity and some instances where the Natives are wearing colonists’ clothing (279). The once distinct difference in civility and savagery becomes blurred in the similarities Rowland notices between the colonist and the Natives. Rowlandson explores the fearful hesitation most colonists feel in the face of the new world. The new world is the unknown environments outside the colonies, mainly toward the west. This includes the forest and wooded areas that are associated with the Natives. It is where the Natives live, where they take their captives, and a place of unknown to the colonist, which made it fearful. Rowlandson described it as a place of â€Å"deep dungeon† and â€Å"high and steep hill (266).† In Rowlandson’s captivity, she is pushed into the forest where her experience brings her further away from civilization. Her and other captives, such as Robert Pepper, gain practical knowledge about the natural world during their time spent with the Indians. Although this knowledge is key to her survival, it brings her anxiety and guilt because she feels as though she is being pushed from civilization. The delineated characterization of Mary Rowlandson in her published book, A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, depicts the way Puritans approached life with religious concepts and beliefs, but the influence of the Native culture is what separates her work as the first captivity narrative. In her captivity she loses her original physiological security through eleven weeks of uncertainty and inconsistency. This forces her to think outside her Puritan ideology into the new world of different environments and experiences. Her new experiences allow her to grow and appreciate the differences of the new world, and in her reflection Rowlandson closes the gap between the Natives and Puritans by identifying the similarities between the two cultures.

A Research Paper

The Department of Education pronounces the addition of two more years in the basic education of students, which according to them will benefit not only the Filipino youth but all the Filipino in the Philippines. (Luistro, 2010) The administration asserts that with the implementation of such program, the problem of unemployment in the country will be resolved. In as much as employment in the Philippines is concerned, the K12 education also responds to the fact that most countries in the world already have the same plan in their educational institutions.With this, the standards of these countries go a notch higher than what the country has, thus, creating an expansion in the global competency. (DepEd, 2010) â€Å"We need to add two years to our basic education. Those who can afford pay up to fourteen years of schooling before university. Thus, their children are getting into the  Ã‚   best universities and the best jobs after graduation. I want at least 12 years for our public school children to give them an even chance at succeeding. † (Aquino III, 2011) K12 educational systems are additional years to secondary level. This research contains some information about curriculum of K12.This means that the present four years in high school will be called Junior High School and additional two years as senior High School. The model, which is being proposed, is K-6-4-2 where K means Kindergarten (5 years old), 6 means six years in elementary (6 to 11 years old), 4 means four years in Junior High School (12 to 15 years old) and 2 means two years in Senior High School (16 to 17 years old). (DepEd, n. d). Kindergarten will start in school year 2011 – 2012. The new and enhanced curriculum in Grade 1 and first year high school will start in school year 2012 – 2013.The first year senior high school or the eleventh year will begin in school year 2016 – 2017. The first graduates of the 12- year curriculum will be in 2018. (DepEd, n. d). Enhancing the quality of basic education in the Philippines is urgent and critical. The poor quality of basic education is reflected in the low achievement scores of Filipino students. One reason is that students do not get adequate instructional time or task. Our children deserve to receive the best education our country can provide for them and our economy depends on an educated and skilled workforce to be successful in the global market.B. Statement of the Problem This study aims to answer these following questions: 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the K-12 program or the additional 2 years to Basic Education? 2. Will the parents agree or disagree to the K- 12 program? C. Significance of the Study Parents of the students. This research would be able to help the parents of the students who are affected by the K-12 program, this will give them an idea of what will be the advantages and disadvantages of the program, and if it will help their children grow from the academic nature.Students. The students will benefit from the study by letting them know how they are going to be able to understand the addition of 2 years from their schooling. Students will know how it will provide a better quality of education to them. Teachers. This study will benefit the teachers from the school, for them to be prepared for the additional two years to the basic education. It is important for them to know the advantages and disadvantages of the program, because they will be the one providing the knowledge to the children. School.This research will also benefit the school, so they will anticipate the additional cost to the program, also the additional teachers and everything that they should be anticipating for. D. Scope and Limitation This study focuses only on the perception of the parents’ students affected by the K-12 program since it has been implemented this year the study will only focus on what the parents think and how it will affect them. It will also focus on the circumstances that will put one in favorable position, and those circumstances that will put one in unfavorable position. The study will only ask the parents about K-6-4-2 and not go beyond asking them if they’ll still let their children continue to study or not. E. Materials and Methods This research utilizes the descriptive method since the researcher aims to discuss and to know the perception of parents regarding to the additional years of basic education. The main goal of this type of research is to describe the data and characteristic what is being studied. The idea behind this type of research is to study frequencies, averages, and other statistical calculations.Although this research is highly accurate, it does not gather the causes behind a situation. Descriptive research is mainly done when a researcher wants to gain a better understanding of a topic. Interview, books and newspaper were researchers’ major instrument in gathering   Ã‚  Ã‚  information and were augmented with other data collected through readings E. Definition of Terms Department of Education. It is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the management and governing of the Philippine system of basic education. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)) Education.